Chpt 8: Thinking, Intelligence, & Language Flashcards
What IQ test scores for the areas: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed?
(2 words)
Wechsler Scales
Both the Stanford- Binet and the Wechsler scales provide measures of Spearman’s _____? (1 word)
g (Spearman’s g)
In both the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales, results we would expect include 1.) _____________ performance and life outcomes such as 2.) _____________ success.
(2 words)
- Academic
- Economic
A symmetric bell-shaped curve w/ the majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing towards the extremes of the range is called ______ ______.
(2 words)
Normal Distribution
What refers to the frequencies of scores on a scale?
Distribution
In this intelligence scale by Wechsler, children are asked to point to a picture that depicts a word the examiner says to complete a block design and to answer basic knowledge questions. What is the name of the intelligence scale?
WPPSI
Weschler Pre-School and primary scale of intelligence.
What intelligence scale by Wechsler includes: vocab & comprehension and tasks such as putting together blocks to fit into a certain pattern.
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence scale for children
What age group is the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence scale for children) used for?
6-16 years of age
What intelligence scale by Wechsler includes: vocab, working memory capacity, math problems, and the ability to complete jigsaw puzzles?
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale
What age group is the WAIS (Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale) used for?
16 years of age and older
Who developed the 3 scales of intelligence testing consisting of the WISC, WAIS, and WPPSI?
David Wechsler
What is the most popular measure of intelligence, currently?
Wechsler Scales
At what age does the concept of mental age lose its meaning?
16 years old
What German Psychologist devised the term “Intelligence Quotient”?
(IQ)
William Stern
What formula is used to determine a person’s IQ?
IQ- (MA/CA) X 100
mental age/chronological age
An individuals level of mental dev. relative to that of others is called
_________ __________.
(2 words)
Mental Age (MA)
Who dev. the concept of Mental Age?
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
What is created by giving the test to a large group of people who are representative of the population for whom the test is intended? The resulting scores are considered high, low, and average.
NORMS
Refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Validity
When the scores being measured relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high _________ ____________?
(2 words)
Criterion Validity
Involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and creating norms or performance standards for the test.
Standardization
The extent to which a test yields a consistent, and reproducible measure of performance. (produces the same score over and over)
Reliability
What 3 criteria are required for a good IQ test?
Reliability, Validity, and Standardization
IQ (In words)
Intelligence Quotient
Who developed the idea that intelligence captures a common general cognitive ability?
Charle’s Spearman
If a kid is good at math, they will also be good at reading, and so on…
“Jack of all trades” is associated with Spearman’s ____?
Spearman’s g
An all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
intelligence
Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.
Culture-Fair Tests
SUMMARY: Cultural Bias in Testing
Early questions on testing did not measure the knowledge necessary to adapt to one’s environment or to be intelligent. Questions were tailored to urban and white, English-speaking Americans instead of rural neighborhoods, Hispanic, or African Americans, or those with different languages. Even when “culture-fair tests” were developed, they still didn’t adequately accommodate everyone and bias was still present. The variable that shares the strongest correlation with IQ is years of education. However, other environmental factors can also influence intelligence.
Cultural -Fair test that contains no verbal questions
Raven Progressive Matrices Test
Refers to an organism’s genetic material
Genotypes
Refers to the actual characteristics the organism pocesses.
Phenotypes
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group’s members.
Heritability
- ) TRUE or FALSE
- ) Why is it true or false?
50% of an individual person’s intelligence is caused by genes.
- ) FALSE
- ) Flase bc heritability is a statistic that provides info about a group, not an individual.
- ) TRUE or FALSE?
- ) 2.) Why is it true or false?
A person’s intelligence is fixed by genes.
- ) FALSE
- ) False bc Genes interact w/ environmental factors to determine intelligence.
Intelligence is a _______ ________ trait, meaning that a large # of genetic characteristics are involved in intelligence.
(2 words)
Polygenic trait
What 4 specific experiences in childhood can influence IQ?
Dietary Supplements
Educational Interventions
Interactive Reading
Preschool
When pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants received _____ milligram supplements of Omega-3 fatty acids, the supplements led to an increase in children’s IQ.
1,000 Milligrams
Learning to play a musical instrument predicts a ___ point increase in IQ.
4- POINT INCREASE
For economically disadvantaged children, sending a kid to preschool increased their IQ by more than ___ points.
4 points or 7 points
A phenomenon around the world that shows the effect of education on intelligence with IQ test scores increasing is called _____ ______.
(2 words)
Flynn Effect
SUMMARY: Genetic & Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Genes are not the only determining factor for intelligence. Several outside factors dictate IQ as well. Such as; a person’s education, environment, eating habits (as children), dietary supplements. The results for heritability as it relates to IQ can be unpredictable based on different groups. For example, if a group lives in wealthy area heritability estimates for intelligence may be high because of the environment. Whereas, if a group lives in an area with wealthy individuals as well as less wealthy or stable environments, the genetic characteristics may be less predictive in regards to intelligence due to environmental factors. The word “intelligent” is not only described as people, but also as behaviors.
Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area is called _________.
Gifted
Begun in the 1970s, this group of 320 participants (under the age of 13 years old) were considered to represent the Top 1 in 10,000 IQ scores with an average IQ of 180.
SMPY
The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth
SUMMARY: Extremes of intelligence- Giftedness
A study conducted by Lewis Terman included 1500 students called “Termites” whose IQs averaged 150 which placed them in the top 1%. In comparing the study to the longitudinal study of gifted children called SMPY study years later, the study showed that SMPY participants were doing remarkable things with their life compared to the Termites. The genes and environmental experiences that explain normal-range intelligence, also explain exceptional intelligence. aside from Cognitive ability, being nominated to test for gifted education programs sometimes relies on someone else’s social perception.
A condition of limited mental ability that affects an individual’s functioning in everyday life.
intellectual disability
or
intellectual developmental disorder
Intellectual Disability (or intellectual developmental disorder) affects functioning in three domains. What are the 3 domains?
Conceptual Skills
Social Skills
Practical Skills
The condition, Intellectual Disability shows the effects of functioning in this domain which includes language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, and memory.
(2 words)
Conceptual Skills
The condition, Intellectual Disability shows the effects of functioning in this domain which includes empathy, social judgment, interpersonal communication, and the ability to make friends.
Social Skills
The condition, Intellectual Disability shows the effects of functioning in this domain which includes personal care, job personalities, money management, recreation, and organizing school and work tasks.
Practical Skills
Intellectual ability may have a ______ cause, or it may be ___________ and ________ in origin.
organic
cultural
social
__________ Intellectual Disability is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage; __________ refers to the tissues or organs of the body.
Organic
organic
One form of organic intellectual disability occurs when an extra chromosome is present in the individual’s genetic makeup. People who suffer from organic retardation have an IQ between 0-50.
Down Syndrome
__________-________ _________ _________ is a mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain damage. People with this disability have an IQ between 55-70.
(4 words)
Cultural-Familial Intellectual Disability
SUMMARY: Intellectual Disability
Assessment in capacities of Conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills can be used to determine the amount of care a person requires for daily living. Two individuals with the same IQ may function in entirely different ways: one is married, holds a job, and is active in the community while the other is under 24-7 supervision within an institution. Deficits in adaptive behavior are now included in the definition of intellectual disability. Organic and Cultural-Familial are 2 types of intellectual disability. Organic is genetic or due to brain damage whereas Cultural-Familial is due to the below-average intellectual environment.
the ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately.
emotional intelligence
Who developed the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert J Sternberg
Sternberg’s theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical is called the. _______ ____ _________.
(4 words)
triarchic theory of intelligence
In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, what form of intelligence = the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast?
(2 words)
Analytical Intelligence
In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, what form of intelligence = the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine?
Creative intelligence
In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, what form of intelligence = the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice?
Practical intelligence
Who suggested that they are 9 frames of mind as it relates to intelligence?
Howard Gardner
What are Howard Gardner’s 9 frames of mind as it relates to intelligence?
( 9 answers)
BEIIMMNSV
Bodily- Kinesthetic
Exitentialist
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Musical
Mathematical
Naturalist
Spatial
Verbal
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning.
Occupation: Author, journalist, or speaker
Verbal
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to carry out mathematical operations.
Occupation: scientist, engineer, accountant
Mathematical
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is -the ability to think 3-dimensionally.
Occupations- architect, artist, sailor.
Spatial
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept.
Occupations: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete.
Bodily-Kinesthetic
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone.
Occupations: compose, musician.
musical
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.
Occupation: teacher, mental health pro.
Interpersonal
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to understand oneself.
Occupation: theologian, psychologist
Intrapersonal
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems.
Occupation: farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper
Naturalist
This type of Intelligence or “frame of mind” according to Howard Gardner is - the ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality.
Occupation: Possibly a philosopher
Existentialist
SUMMARY: Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Robert J. Sternberg developed triarchic theory of intelligence which says that intelligence comes in 3 specific forms: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Howard Gardner suggests that there are 9 types of intelligence or “frames of mind”- bodily-kinesthetic, Existentialist, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Musical, Mathematical, Naturalist, Spatial, and Verbal.
A form of communication—whether spoken, written, or signed—that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
The ability to produce an endless number of sentences.
Infinite Generativity
What are the 5 basic rule systems of language?
(5 words)
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
A language’s sound system is called ______?
Phonology
The sound /k/ is described as a single _______.
phoneme
Phonological rules that ensure certain sound sequences occur are called _______.
Ex: sp, ba, ar.
phonemes
A language’s rules for word-formation.
morphology
The smallest unit of a language that carries meaning is called a _______.
morpheme
Every word in the English language is made up of _____ ____ _____ morphemes.
(3 words)
one or more
A language’s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
syntax
The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language.
semantics
The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized.
Ex: Looking confused when wandering the streets of Madrid and you ask “Autobus?” to a stranger. Based on your facial expression the stranger understands that you are looking for the bus.
pragmatics
Benjamin ________ argued that language determines the way we think.
Whorf
A view called _______ _________ ___________, argues that language determines the way we think.
(3 words)
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Critics of Benjamin ________ ideas say that words merely reflect, rather than cause the way we think.
Whorf’s
The strongest form of Whorf’s hypothesis - the assertion that language determines ________.
(1 word)
perception
True or Fale
A feature of human language that separates it from animal communication is the capacity to talk about objects that are not currently present.
TRUE
A genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 20,000 births- tend to show extraordinary verbal, social, and musical abilities while having an extremely low IQ and difficulty with motor task, numbers, and some reading skills is called _____ _______.
(2 words)
Williams Syndrome
True or False
Nonimmigrants tend to have higher IQs than immigrants.
FALSE
Immigrants tend to have higher IQ than nonimmigrants, so bilingual individuals might have has higher executive function to start with.
True or False
Language and thought are not part of a single system.
True
They have evolved as separate but related components of the mind.
SUMMARY: The Basic Properties of Language
There are 5 basic properties of language that help to examine the connections between language and cognition
: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics.
SUMMARY: The Role of Language in Cognition
Language helps us think. make inferences, tackle difficult decisions, and solve problems. Language is a tool for representing ideas. Whorf and his associate Edward Sapir suggested the possibility that people might perceive the world differently as the result of the different languages they speak. Critics argue that the words reflect rather than cause the way we think. Many people who are bilingual report feeling different while speaking each language. Bilingual Respondents across all studies on one’s personality, revealed that people reported themselves as more outgoing, nicer, and more responsible when responding to the English survey,
Scientists believe that humans acquired language about ________ years ago.
100,000
What biological systems are required for language?
(There are 3)
brain
nervous system
vocal apparatus
American linguist Noam ______ argued that humans come into the world biologically prewired to learn language in a certain way.
Noam Chomsky
In what hemisphere of the brain does language processing such as speech and grammar occur?
Left Hemisphere
In terms of language, the two areas of the left hemisphere of the brain as it relates to language are ________ area and _______ area.
Wenicke’s area (towards the middle and front) for language comprehension
Broca’s area (toward the back) for speech production.
True or False
Broca’s area is not directly involved in talking.
True
_______ area sends and coordinates messages to sensory neurons (representing words) and motor neurons ( for articulation) in preparation for speaking.
Broca’s
At what age does an infants hippocampus ( part of the brain that stores and indexes many kinds of memory) become functional?
9 months old
SUMMARY: Biological Influences
Chomsky believed that children cannot possibly learn the full rules and structure of languages by only imitating what they hear. Instead, language is pre-wired. Wernicks and Brocas area are two important areas in the left hemisphere of the brain as it relates to speech.
True or False
A child’s experiences, the particular language to be learned, and the context in which learning takes place can strongly influence language acquisition.
True
SUMMARY: Environmental Influences
“Chelsea”, a 32 year old who grew up with hearing disabilities. She was able to understand math/numbers, and tell time but unable to form a sense of grammar. Overall children are biologically prepared to learn language but benefit enormously from being immersed in a competent language environment from an early age.
Most adults in the US have acquired a vocabulary of about _________ words.
50,000
During what age does the following involve:
- *Cooing**
- *Discrimination of vowels**
- *Babbling present by ___ months.**
0-6 months
During what age does the following involve:
Babbling expands to include sounds of spoken language.
Gestures used to communicate about objects.
First words spoken around ____ to ___ months
6-12 months
10-13 months
During what age does the following involve:
Understands 50+ words on average.
12-18 months
During what age does the following involve:
Vocabulary increases to an average of 200 words.
Two-words combinations.
18-24 months
During what age does the following involve:
Vocabulary rapidly increases.
Correct use of plurals.
Use of past tense.
Use of some prepositions.
2 years
During what age does the following involve:
Mean length of utterances increases to 3-4 morphemes in a sentence.
Use of yes and no questions, wh- questions.
Use of negatives and imperatives.
Increased awareness of pragmatics.
3-4 years
During what age does the following involve:
Vocabulary reaches an average of about 10,000 words.
Coordination of simple sentences.
5-6 years
During what age does the following involve:
Vocabulary continues to increase rapidly.
more skilled use of syntactical rules.
conversational skills improve.
6-8 years
During what age does the following involve:
Word definitions include synonyms.
conversational strategies continue to improve.
9-11 years
During what age does the following involve:
Vocabulary increases with the addition of more abstract words.
understanding of complex grammar forms.
Increased understanding of the function a word plays in a sentence.
Understands metaphor and satire.
11-14 years
During what age does the following involve:
Understands adult literary works.
15-20 years
Patricia _____ research reveals that long before they begin words, infants can sort through a number of spoken sounds in search of the ones that have meaning for their culture.
Kuhl
Patricia Kohl argues that from birth to 6 months of age, children are ________ __________, who are capable of distinguishing each of the sounds that make up the various different human languages.
(2 words)
Universal Linguists
True or False
For late second-language learners, (adolescents and adults), new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.
True
The _______ located at the base of the brain plays role in perceiving new sounds.
Cerebellum
To convey meaning in two-word statement, the child relies heavily on _____, _______, and ________.
(3 words)
Gesture
Tone
Complex
