Chpt 11: Gender, Sex, & Sexuality

Question 1

The properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.

Answer 1

Sex

Question 2

What are the 5 physical characteristics that classify sex?

Answer 2

chromosomes, gonads, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics

Question 3

Packages of DNA that carry our genes are called _______.

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

How many pairs of chromosomes do human beings have?

Answer 4

23 pairs

Question 5

In humans, the pair of genes that differs between the sexes and determines a person’s sex as male or female are called ____ _________.

(2 words)

Answer 5

sex chromosomes

Question 6

of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, what pair of chromosomes determines a person’s sex?

Answer 6

23rd pair

Question 7

The pair of chromosomes XX means the baby is genetic _____.

Answer 7

female

Question 8

The pair of chromosomes XY means the baby is genetic ______.

Answer 8

male

Question 9

Glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males; collectively called gametes, the ova and sperm are the cells that eventually will be used in reproduction.

Answer 9

gonads

Question 10

Female gonads are called _____.

Answer 10

ovaries

Question 11

male gonads are called _____

Answer 11

testes

Question 12

Hormones are ______ produced by the endocrine glands.

Answer 12

chemicals

Question 13

Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone are higher in ______.

Answer 13

Females

Question 14

Hormone levels of androgens- the most common being testosterone are higher in ______.

Answer 14

men

Question 15

The external genitalia of females is collectively called the _____

Answer 15

vulva

Question 16

The vulva includes the ___ ____ (the fleshy area just above the vagina), the _____ the lips surrounding the vagina), and the ______(a small sensory organ at the top where the labia meet).

Answer 16

mons pubis

labia

clitoris

Question 17

In males, the external genitalia include the _____ and the _____.

Answer 17

penis

scrotum

Question 18

Traits that differ between the two sexes but are not part of the reproductive system; they include breasts in females and facial hair in males is called _______ ____ _______.

(3 words)

Answer 18

secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

An individual’s psychological experience of being male or female that is informed by social beliefs about the characteristics thought to indicate masculinity or femininity (such as how the person looks, talks, and behaves) is called ______.

Answer 19

gender

Question 20

An individual’s personal, multifaceted sense of being male, female, or an alternate gender is called ______ _____.

(2 words)

Answer 20

gender identity

Question 21

True or false

Gender identity is influenced by biological factors, socialization, and experience.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The way a person presents themselves in terms of their subjective sense of their gender, including how a person dresses, wears their hair, etc., is called ______ ______.

(2 words)

Answer 22

Gender expression

Question 23

A person whose gender identity fits with the sex they were assigned at birth is called ______.

Answer 23

cisgender

Question 24

Gender identity of a person who identifies as existing outside the typical “male vs female” dichotomy is called ________

This person may identify as male and female or neither and may prefer gender-neutral pronouns such as “they”.

Answer 24

non-binary

Question 25

What gender-related characteristic terms are used by psychologists to represent the broad dimensions of masculinity and feminity from a Western perspective.

( 2 terms)

Answer 25

Instrumentality and Expressiveness

Question 26

The gender -related characteristic, ________ means being assertive, brave, independent, and dominant

Answer 26

instrumentality

Question 27

The gender-related characteristic, ______ includes being nurturing, warm, gentle, and sensitive to others.

Answer 27

Expressiveness

Question 28

Having attributes that are typically associated with both genders.

Answer 28

Androgynous

Question 29

A particular gene on the Y chromosome called the “___ ____ ____ of the Y chromosome” is activated early in the first three months of pregnancy and causes the development of male sexual features.

Answer 29

SRY gene (the sex determining region of the Y chromosome)

Question 30

Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical; formerly called intersex conditions or hermaphroditism is called _____ _____ ______ (DSD).

Answer 30

Disorders of sexual development

Question 31

Experiencing one’s psychological gender as different from one’s physical sex, as in the cases of biological males who identify as female and biological females who identify as male.

Answer 31

transgender

Question 32

______ ______ refers to a person’s discomfort with his or her natal gender.

Answer 32

gender dysphoria

Question 33

The _________ psychology approach to gender views the differences between sexes through the lends of natural selection and adaptation.

Answer 33

Evolutionary

Question 34

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, differentiation between the male and female members of a species that can be traced to differences in competition and choice is called _______ _______.

(2 words)

Answer 34

sexual selection

Question 35

In the ______ _______ approach of gender, behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling.

(2 words)

Answer 35

social cognitive

Question 36

Activities and preferences that do not fit the expectations for their sex are is called ______ _________.

(2 words)

Answer 36

nonconforming behavior

Question 37

After age ____- peer groups often segregate into boy groups and girl groups. The

Answer 37

6 years

Question 38

a mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for females and males in their culture is called _______ ______.

(2 words)

Answer 38

gender schema

Question 39

The gender schema is a product of learning and serves as a _________ framework by which children interpret further experiences related to gender.

(1 word)

Answer 39

cognitive

Question 40

Alice E_______ proposed that to understand gender, we must recognize the larger social and cultural institutions surrounding gender identity.

Answer 40

Alice Eagly

Question 41

Eagly’s theory of gender development that, while acknowledging the physical differences between the sexes, argues that these differences color social expectations and create social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes is called ______ ______ _______.

( 3 words)

Answer 41

Social role theory

Question 42

Roles that reflect the individual’s expectation for how a female person and how a male person should think, act, and feel is called _____ ______.

(2 words)

Answer 42

gender roles

Question 43

Overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like is called _______ _______.

Answer 43

gender stereotypes

Question 44

In 2017 the median income for women in the US was about ____% of men’s median income.

Answer 44

80%

Question 45

The 4 types of ______ development theories are Biological, Evolutionary, social cognitive, and social role

Answer 45

Gender

Question 46

What are the 4 different gender development theories?
BESS

Answer 46

Behavioral, Evolutionary, Social Cognitive, and Social Role

Question 47

This approach is called the ________ approach

Answer 47

Biological

Question 48

This approach is called the ______ approach.

Answer 48

Evolutionary

Question 49

This approach is called the ______ ________ approach.

Answer 49

social cognitive

Question 50

This approach is called the ______ ______ approach.

Answer 50

Social Role

Question 51

In comparing men and woman, studies suggest that responsiveness of the amygdala to emotion arousing stimuli in the way that _______ are more responsive to negative stimuli while _____ are more responsive to positive stimuli.

(2 words)

Answer 51

women

men

Question 52

A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person is called ______.

Answer 52

empathy

Question 53

Janet Shibley ______ found that small differences in cognitive ability between girls and boys is small. With girls scoring higher on some measures of verbal ability and boys scoring higher on spatial tasks.

Answer 53

Hyde

Question 54

STEM

What does this stand for

Answer 54

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math

Question 55

Behavior that is intended to harm another person is called ________.

Answer 55

Agression

Question 56

Physically or verbally harming another person directly is called ______ ______.

Answer 56

Overt agression

Question 57

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person is called ______ _______.

Answer 57

relational aggression

Question 58

The ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings is called ______.

Answer 58

sexuality

Question 59

a variable that systematically differs across the groups is called a ________.

Answer 59

confound

Question 60

_______ tend to show more changes in their sexual patterns and sexual desires over their lifetime.

Answer 60

women

Question 61

Hyde’s proposition that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different is called _____ _______ _______.

(3 words)

Answer 61

gender similarities hypothesis

Question 62

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests is called _______ _______.

(2 words)

Answer 62

sexual orientation

Question 63

Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex is called _______.

Answer 63

heterosexual

Question 64

Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the same sex is called _______.

Answer 64

homosexual

Question 65

Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is sexually attracted to people of both sexes is called ________.

Answer 65

bisexual

Question 66

A person whose sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others is called ______.

Answer 66

pansexual

Question 67

A person who experiences a lack of sexual attraction to others or has no sexual orientation is called _______.

Answer 67

asexual

Question 68

3.8% or _______ million americans are gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Answer 68

9 million

Question 69

The idea that a person may occupy many different identities at once is called __________.

EX- sexual minority that is also an ethnic minority

Answer 69

intersectionality

Question 70

Alfred ______ is recognized as the father of sexology.

Answer 70

Alfred Kinsey

Question 71

Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, consisting of four phases—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution is called _____ ______ ______ ________.

(4 words)

Answer 71

human sexual response pattern

Question 72

The first stage of Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase begins the process of erotic responsiveness which lasts from several minutes to several hours. Engorgement of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the genitals, along with muscle tension characterize this phase. The most obvious signs in this phase are vaginal lubrication and partial erection of the penis.

Answer 72

excitement phase

Question 73

The second stage In Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase, there is an increase in breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Penile erection and vaginal lubrication are more complete, and orgasm is closer

Answer 73

plateau phase

Question 74

The third stage in Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase which typically lasts for about 3-15 seconds. The neurotransmitter oxytocin is released in this phase which plays a role in social bonding.

Answer 74

orgasm phase

Question 75

The third stage in Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase, in which blood vessels return to their normal state. In this phase, females may be stimulated to orgasm again whereas males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.

Answer 75

resolution phase

Question 76

During the final phase called resolution phase, of Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, males enter a _______ _______ where they are unable to orgasm again.

Answer 76

refractory period

Question 77

Sex therapist Helen Singer ________ added a key initial sexual response stage called desire.

Answer 77

Kaplan

Question 78

_______ sex education involves providing students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior, birth control, and the use of condoms in protecting against sexually transmitted infections, while encouraging them to delay sexual activity and practice abstinence.

Answer 78

Comprehensive

Question 79

The _______-______ approach empahsizes that sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful at any age.

Answer 79

abstinence-only

Question 80

________ _______ is a way to ascertain whether a person is ready for their first experience of sexual intercourse. The persons sexual experiences will involve a reliable form of contraception and two equally willing participants who feel a sense of personal autonomy.

(2 words)

Answer 80

sexual competence

Question 81

_______ _______ means each partner provides, by words or actions, a knowing and voluntary indication that they are willing to engage in sexual activity.

Answer 81

Affirmative consent

Question 82

An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a _______.

Answer 82

Fetish

Question 83

A person with a _______ _______ gets sexual pleasure from wearing clothing of the opposite sex.

Answer 83

transvestic fetish

Question 84

A person with a transvestic fetish may be _______ or homosexual.

Answer 84

heterosexual

Question 85

In ___________, one person (the sadistic partner) gains sexual pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist) who in turn enjoys being dominated.

Answer 85

sadomasochism

Question 86

Sexual disorders that feature recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects; the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner; or children or other nonconsenting individuals is called __________ ________.

Answer 86

Parahilic disorders

Question 87

The Paraphilic Disorder called _______ ________ focuses on exposing one’s genitals to a stranger.

Answer 87

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Question 88

The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ focuses on using nonliving objects for sexual pleasure.

Answer 88

Fetishistic Disorder

Question 89

The paraphilic disorder called _______ ________ focuses on touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent - for instance, in a crowded subway car.

Answer 89

Frotteuristic Disorder

Question 90

The paraphilic disorder called ______ ____ focuses on sexual activity with a prebuescent child.

Answer 90

Pedophilic Disorder

Question 91

The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ _______ focuses on acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.

Answer 91

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Question 92

The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ _______ focuses on acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering of the victim

Answer 92

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Question 93

The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ focuses on cross-dressing by a man or woman that causes distress or interferes with daily functioning.

Answer 93

Transvestic Disorder

Question 94

The paraphilic disorder called ________ ________ focuses on observing unsuspecting individuals, usually strangers, who are naked or in the process of disrobing or engaging in sexual activity.

Answer 94

Voyeuristic Disorder

Question 95

A paraphilic disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not reached puberty is called _______ _______.

Answer 95

pedophilic disorder

Question 96

Neuroscientific studies suggest that individuals who are sexually attracted to children show a pervasive pattern of brain dysfunction, related to connections between brain regions and low levels of ______.

Answer 96

GABA

Question 97

Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, physical or emotional abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster.

Answer 97

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 98

as many as 1 in ___ adults diagnosed with cancer developed PTSD symptoms within 4 years.

Answer 98

5

Question 99

woman who have experienced sexual victimization are approximately ___ times more likely to develop PTSD.

Answer 99

6

Question 100

Other factors that influence a persons vulnerability to _____ are history of previous traumatic events and conditions, such as abuse and psychological disorders, personality characteristics, cultural background, and genetic predispostion.

Answer 100

PTSD

Question 101

PTSD may be best explained by a ______-_____ model.

Answer 101

vulnerability-stress model

Question 102

Traumas can alter the delicate balance of n________, h________, and other biological systems, such that PTSD can influence how the body and brain react to stress.

Answer 102

neurotransmitters

hormones

Question 103

PTSD is associated with decreased volume in the h_________, the brain structure most associated with integrating memories.

Answer 103

hippocampus

Question 104

Treatments for _____ include: psychotherapies using classical conditioning to break the links between current experiences and deep feelings of trauma, therapies aimed at changing beliefs and behavior, group therapy, self defense classes, and medications.

Answer 104

PTSD

Question 105

______ refers to the pscyhological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience.

Answer 105

dissociation

Question 106

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.

Answer 106

dissociative disorders

Question 107

In people with a dissociative disorder, findings show that there is lower volume in the h_______ and a________.

Answer 107

hippocampus

amygdala

Question 108

The h_______ is involved in consolidating memory and organizing life experience into a coherent whole

Answer 108

hippocampus

Question 109

There are 2 types of dissociative disorders: dissociative ______ and dissociative _____ disorder.

Answer 109

amnesia

identity

Question 110

______ is the inability to recall important events.

Answer 110

amnesia

Question 111

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress ______ _______.

Answer 111

dissociative amnesia

Question 112

Treatment for ______ amnesia usually involves psychotherapy.

Answer 112

dissociative

Question 113

Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Answer 113

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Question 114

Sexual abuse has occured in as many as ____% or more of DID cases.

Answer 114

70%

Question 115

The majority of people with DID are _____.

Answer 115

women

Question 116

A _____ predisposition of DID may also exist, as the disorder tends to run in families.

Answer 116

genetic

Question 117

Those with DID have lower c______ thickness and c_____- surface area than matched healthy controls. The brain differences are traced to genetic and prenatal factors.

Answer 117

cortical

cortical

Question 118

Some experts believe that DID is a ______ ______: that it represents a category some people adopt to make sense of their experiences.

Answer 118

social construction

Question 119

A form of treatment for _____ is long-term, in-depth, intensive psychotherapy which has led to an improvement in functioning.

Answer 119

DID

Question 120

Psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is called ________ disorders.

Answer 120

Depressive disorders

Question 121

Over ___% of americans reported at least one major depressive episode in the lifetime.

Answer 121

20%

Question 122

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks is called ______ ______ ________. (MDD)

Answer 122

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 123

A less extreme depressive mood that lasts for over 2 months is called _______ _______ _______ (PDD). This disorder includes hopelessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, and sleep problems.

Answer 123

persistent depressive disorder

Question 124

The ______ factors implicated in depressive disorders include brain structure and function, neurotransmitters, and genes.

Answer 124

biological

Question 125

________ likely involves problems in regulating neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and others.

Answer 125

Depression

Question 126

Some evidence indicates that people with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters s_______ and n_________.

Answer 126

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

Question 127

Genes explain about ___% of the variance we see in depression.

Answer 127

40%

Question 128

Depression has been linked to features of the s_________ transporter gene called 5-HTTLPR.

Answer 128

Serotonin

Question 129

_______ ______- refers to an individuals feelings of powerlessness following exposure to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which the individual has no control.

Answer 129

learned helplessness

Question 130

Psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania—an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state is called _______ ________.

Answer 130

bipolar disorder

Question 131

Bipolar ___ disorder involves extreme manic episodes during which a person may hallucinate- that is, see or hear things that are not there.

Answer 131

I

Question 132

Bipolar ___ disorder refers to the milder version in which the person may experience less extreme euphoria.

Answer 132

II

Question 133

____ influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than of depression.

Answer 133

genetic

Question 134

An individual with an identical twin who has bipolar disorder has about a ___% probability of also having the disorder, and a fraternal twin has more than ___% probabilty

Answer 134

70%

10%

Question 135

In addition to ___ levels of norepinehrine and ____ levels of serotonin, studies link dysregulated g_____ to bipolar disorder.

Answer 135

high

low

glutamate

Question 136

a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior is called d_____ m_______ d_____

Answer 136

disruptive mood dysregulation

Question 137

____ is a Psychological state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Answer 137

psychosis

Question 138

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from ________ may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality is called ________.

Answer 138

schizophrenia

Question 139

Schizophrenia is usally diagnosed in early adulthood and around age ___ for me and ___ for women.

Answer 139

18- men

25-women

Question 140

The suicide risk for people with schizophrenia is ___ times that for the general population.

Answer 140

8 times

Question 141

Schizophrenic _____ symptoms involve a distortion or an excess of normal function. They are _____ bc they reflect something “Added” above and beyond normal behavior. Symptoms usually include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorders.

Answer 141

positive symptoms

Question 142

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli are called ______.

Answer 142

hallucinations

Question 143

False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture are called _______.

Answer 143

delusions

Question 144

The unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia is called ______ ______.

Answer 144

Thought disorder

Question 145

Neologisms- when a person makes up new words

Question 146

Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events is called ______ ________.

Answer 146

referential thinking

Question 147

The unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia is called _____ disorders.

Answer 147

movement disorders

Question 148

State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time is called ______.

Answer 148

catatonia

Question 149

_____ symptoms reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

Answer 149

negative symptoms

Question 150

The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia is called the f____ a_____.

Answer 150

flat affect

Question 151

______ symptoms of schizophrenia include deficits in executive functioning, including difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, and inability to interpret information and make decisions.

Answer 151

cognitive symptoms

Question 152

________ explanations to schizophrenia include genetics differences, brain differences, and problems in regulating neurotransmitters.

Answer 152

Biological

Question 153

People with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged v_____ in the brain. These v________ are fluid-filled spaces and enlargement of the v_____ indicates deterioration in other brain tissue.

Answer 153

Ventricles

Question 154

People with schizophrenia have a smalled ______ cortex and lower activity in this area of the brain when compared to healthy individuals.

Answer 154

prefrontal cortex

Question 155

problems in p______ development may predispose a brain to develop schizophrenia symptoms later in life.

Answer 155

prental development

Question 156

Problems regulating the neurotransmitter d______ plays a role in schizophrenia.

Answer 156

dopamine

Question 157

G_____ is another neurotransmitter that plays a role in schizophrenia. G_______ send the message for other neurons to fire.

Answer 157

Glutamate

Question 158

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality is called ______ disorders.

Answer 158

personality disorders

Question 159

DSM-5 lists ___# of personality disorders.

Answer 159

10

Question 160

Personality Disorders according to the DSM-5

Question 161

____ _____ disorder (aspd) is a Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Answer 161

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 162

___ play a rold in aspd.

Answer 162

genes

Question 163

People with ASPD show lower levels of ____nomic nervous system arousal and are less stressed than others by aversive circumstances, including punishment.

Answer 163

autonomic nervous system arousal

Question 164

A subgroup of ASPD is p______. They are remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want. Ted Bundy for example

Answer 164

psychopaths

Question 165

People with ASPD that are classified as psychopaths have less gray matter in the areas of the ____ associated with empathy.

Answer 165

brain

Question 166

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions and by marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts is called _____ _______ _______ (BPD).

Answer 166

Borderline personality disorder

Question 167

Borderline personality disorder is more common in _____, among those with lower SES, and among those younger than 30.

Answer 167

women

Question 168

Causes of BPD include b_____ factors and childhood experiences.

Answer 168

biological

Question 169

s______ is a thinking style where a person sees the world in “either-or” terms.

Answer 169

splitting