Chpt 11: Gender, Sex, & Sexuality Flashcards
The properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.
Sex
What are the 5 physical characteristics that classify sex?
chromosomes, gonads, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics
Packages of DNA that carry our genes are called _______.
chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes do human beings have?
23 pairs
In humans, the pair of genes that differs between the sexes and determines a person’s sex as male or female are called ____ _________.
(2 words)
sex chromosomes
of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, what pair of chromosomes determines a person’s sex?
23rd pair
The pair of chromosomes XX means the baby is genetic _____.
female
The pair of chromosomes XY means the baby is genetic ______.
male
Glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males; collectively called gametes, the ova and sperm are the cells that eventually will be used in reproduction.
gonads
Female gonads are called _____.
ovaries
male gonads are called _____
testes
Hormones are ______ produced by the endocrine glands.
chemicals
Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone are higher in ______.
Females
Hormone levels of androgens- the most common being testosterone are higher in ______.
men
The external genitalia of females is collectively called the _____
vulva
The vulva includes the ___ ____ (the fleshy area just above the vagina), the _____ the lips surrounding the vagina), and the ______(a small sensory organ at the top where the labia meet).
mons pubis
labia
clitoris
In males, the external genitalia include the _____ and the _____.
penis
scrotum
Traits that differ between the two sexes but are not part of the reproductive system; they include breasts in females and facial hair in males is called _______ ____ _______.
(3 words)
secondary sex characteristics
An individual’s psychological experience of being male or female that is informed by social beliefs about the characteristics thought to indicate masculinity or femininity (such as how the person looks, talks, and behaves) is called ______.
gender
An individual’s personal, multifaceted sense of being male, female, or an alternate gender is called ______ _____.
(2 words)
gender identity
True or false
Gender identity is influenced by biological factors, socialization, and experience.
True
The way a person presents themselves in terms of their subjective sense of their gender, including how a person dresses, wears their hair, etc., is called ______ ______.
(2 words)
Gender expression
A person whose gender identity fits with the sex they were assigned at birth is called ______.
cisgender
Gender identity of a person who identifies as existing outside the typical “male vs female” dichotomy is called ________
This person may identify as male and female or neither and may prefer gender-neutral pronouns such as “they”.
non-binary
What gender-related characteristic terms are used by psychologists to represent the broad dimensions of masculinity and feminity from a Western perspective.
( 2 terms)
Instrumentality and Expressiveness
The gender -related characteristic, ________ means being assertive, brave, independent, and dominant
instrumentality
The gender-related characteristic, ______ includes being nurturing, warm, gentle, and sensitive to others.
Expressiveness
Having attributes that are typically associated with both genders.
Androgynous
A particular gene on the Y chromosome called the “___ ____ ____ of the Y chromosome” is activated early in the first three months of pregnancy and causes the development of male sexual features.
SRY gene (the sex determining region of the Y chromosome)
Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical; formerly called intersex conditions or hermaphroditism is called _____ _____ ______ (DSD).
Disorders of sexual development
Experiencing one’s psychological gender as different from one’s physical sex, as in the cases of biological males who identify as female and biological females who identify as male.
transgender
______ ______ refers to a person’s discomfort with his or her natal gender.
gender dysphoria
The _________ psychology approach to gender views the differences between sexes through the lends of natural selection and adaptation.
Evolutionary
According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, differentiation between the male and female members of a species that can be traced to differences in competition and choice is called _______ _______.
(2 words)
sexual selection
In the ______ _______ approach of gender, behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling.
(2 words)
social cognitive
Activities and preferences that do not fit the expectations for their sex are is called ______ _________.
(2 words)
nonconforming behavior
After age ____- peer groups often segregate into boy groups and girl groups. The
6 years
a mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for females and males in their culture is called _______ ______.
(2 words)
gender schema
The gender schema is a product of learning and serves as a _________ framework by which children interpret further experiences related to gender.
(1 word)
cognitive
Alice E_______ proposed that to understand gender, we must recognize the larger social and cultural institutions surrounding gender identity.
Alice Eagly
Eagly’s theory of gender development that, while acknowledging the physical differences between the sexes, argues that these differences color social expectations and create social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes is called ______ ______ _______.
( 3 words)
Social role theory
Roles that reflect the individual’s expectation for how a female person and how a male person should think, act, and feel is called _____ ______.
(2 words)
gender roles
Overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like is called _______ _______.
gender stereotypes
In 2017 the median income for women in the US was about ____% of men’s median income.
80%
The 4 types of ______ development theories are Biological, Evolutionary, social cognitive, and social role
Gender
What are the 4 different gender development theories?
BESS
Behavioral, Evolutionary, Social Cognitive, and Social Role
This approach is called the ________ approach
Biological
This approach is called the ______ approach.
Evolutionary
This approach is called the ______ ________ approach.
social cognitive
This approach is called the ______ ______ approach.
Social Role
In comparing men and woman, studies suggest that responsiveness of the amygdala to emotion arousing stimuli in the way that _______ are more responsive to negative stimuli while _____ are more responsive to positive stimuli.
(2 words)
women
men
A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person is called ______.
empathy
Janet Shibley ______ found that small differences in cognitive ability between girls and boys is small. With girls scoring higher on some measures of verbal ability and boys scoring higher on spatial tasks.
Hyde
STEM
What does this stand for
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
Behavior that is intended to harm another person is called ________.
Agression
Physically or verbally harming another person directly is called ______ ______.
Overt agression
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person is called ______ _______.
relational aggression
The ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings is called ______.
sexuality
a variable that systematically differs across the groups is called a ________.
confound
_______ tend to show more changes in their sexual patterns and sexual desires over their lifetime.
women
Hyde’s proposition that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different is called _____ _______ _______.
(3 words)
gender similarities hypothesis
The direction of an individual’s erotic interests is called _______ _______.
(2 words)
sexual orientation
Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex is called _______.
heterosexual
Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the same sex is called _______.
homosexual
Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is sexually attracted to people of both sexes is called ________.
bisexual
A person whose sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others is called ______.
pansexual
A person who experiences a lack of sexual attraction to others or has no sexual orientation is called _______.
asexual
3.8% or _______ million americans are gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
9 million
The idea that a person may occupy many different identities at once is called __________.
EX- sexual minority that is also an ethnic minority
intersectionality
Alfred ______ is recognized as the father of sexology.
Alfred Kinsey
Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, consisting of four phases—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution is called _____ ______ ______ ________.
(4 words)
human sexual response pattern
The first stage of Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase begins the process of erotic responsiveness which lasts from several minutes to several hours. Engorgement of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the genitals, along with muscle tension characterize this phase. The most obvious signs in this phase are vaginal lubrication and partial erection of the penis.
excitement phase
The second stage In Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase, there is an increase in breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Penile erection and vaginal lubrication are more complete, and orgasm is closer
plateau phase
The third stage in Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase which typically lasts for about 3-15 seconds. The neurotransmitter oxytocin is released in this phase which plays a role in social bonding.
orgasm phase
The third stage in Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, the ________ phase, in which blood vessels return to their normal state. In this phase, females may be stimulated to orgasm again whereas males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.
resolution phase
During the final phase called resolution phase, of Masters and Johnson’s model of human sexual response, males enter a _______ _______ where they are unable to orgasm again.
refractory period
Sex therapist Helen Singer ________ added a key initial sexual response stage called desire.
Kaplan
_______ sex education involves providing students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior, birth control, and the use of condoms in protecting against sexually transmitted infections, while encouraging them to delay sexual activity and practice abstinence.
Comprehensive
The _______-______ approach empahsizes that sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful at any age.
abstinence-only
________ _______ is a way to ascertain whether a person is ready for their first experience of sexual intercourse. The persons sexual experiences will involve a reliable form of contraception and two equally willing participants who feel a sense of personal autonomy.
(2 words)
sexual competence
_______ _______ means each partner provides, by words or actions, a knowing and voluntary indication that they are willing to engage in sexual activity.
Affirmative consent
An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a _______.
Fetish
A person with a _______ _______ gets sexual pleasure from wearing clothing of the opposite sex.
transvestic fetish
A person with a transvestic fetish may be _______ or homosexual.
heterosexual
In ___________, one person (the sadistic partner) gains sexual pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist) who in turn enjoys being dominated.
sadomasochism
Sexual disorders that feature recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects; the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner; or children or other nonconsenting individuals is called __________ ________.
Parahilic disorders
The Paraphilic Disorder called _______ ________ focuses on exposing one’s genitals to a stranger.
Exhibitionistic Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ focuses on using nonliving objects for sexual pleasure.
Fetishistic Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called _______ ________ focuses on touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent - for instance, in a crowded subway car.
Frotteuristic Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ______ ____ focuses on sexual activity with a prebuescent child.
Pedophilic Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ _______ focuses on acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.
Sexual Masochism Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ _______ focuses on acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering of the victim
Sexual Sadism Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ______ _______ focuses on cross-dressing by a man or woman that causes distress or interferes with daily functioning.
Transvestic Disorder
The paraphilic disorder called ________ ________ focuses on observing unsuspecting individuals, usually strangers, who are naked or in the process of disrobing or engaging in sexual activity.
Voyeuristic Disorder
A paraphilic disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not reached puberty is called _______ _______.
pedophilic disorder
Neuroscientific studies suggest that individuals who are sexually attracted to children show a pervasive pattern of brain dysfunction, related to connections between brain regions and low levels of ______.
GABA
Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, physical or emotional abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
as many as 1 in ___ adults diagnosed with cancer developed PTSD symptoms within 4 years.
5
woman who have experienced sexual victimization are approximately ___ times more likely to develop PTSD.
6
Other factors that influence a persons vulnerability to _____ are history of previous traumatic events and conditions, such as abuse and psychological disorders, personality characteristics, cultural background, and genetic predispostion.
PTSD
PTSD may be best explained by a ______-_____ model.
vulnerability-stress model
Traumas can alter the delicate balance of n________, h________, and other biological systems, such that PTSD can influence how the body and brain react to stress.
neurotransmitters
hormones
PTSD is associated with decreased volume in the h_________, the brain structure most associated with integrating memories.
hippocampus
Treatments for _____ include: psychotherapies using classical conditioning to break the links between current experiences and deep feelings of trauma, therapies aimed at changing beliefs and behavior, group therapy, self defense classes, and medications.
PTSD
______ refers to the pscyhological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience.
dissociation
Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
dissociative disorders
In people with a dissociative disorder, findings show that there is lower volume in the h_______ and a________.
hippocampus
amygdala
The h_______ is involved in consolidating memory and organizing life experience into a coherent whole
hippocampus
There are 2 types of dissociative disorders: dissociative ______ and dissociative _____ disorder.
amnesia
identity
______ is the inability to recall important events.
amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress ______ _______.
dissociative amnesia
Treatment for ______ amnesia usually involves psychotherapy.
dissociative
Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disorder.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Sexual abuse has occured in as many as ____% or more of DID cases.
70%
The majority of people with DID are _____.
women
A _____ predisposition of DID may also exist, as the disorder tends to run in families.
genetic
Those with DID have lower c______ thickness and c_____- surface area than matched healthy controls. The brain differences are traced to genetic and prenatal factors.
cortical
cortical
Some experts believe that DID is a ______ ______: that it represents a category some people adopt to make sense of their experiences.
social construction
A form of treatment for _____ is long-term, in-depth, intensive psychotherapy which has led to an improvement in functioning.
DID
Psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is called ________ disorders.
Depressive disorders
Over ___% of americans reported at least one major depressive episode in the lifetime.
20%
Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks is called ______ ______ ________. (MDD)
Major Depressive Disorder
A less extreme depressive mood that lasts for over 2 months is called _______ _______ _______ (PDD). This disorder includes hopelessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, and sleep problems.
persistent depressive disorder
The ______ factors implicated in depressive disorders include brain structure and function, neurotransmitters, and genes.
biological
________ likely involves problems in regulating neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and others.
Depression
Some evidence indicates that people with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters s_______ and n_________.
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Genes explain about ___% of the variance we see in depression.
40%
Depression has been linked to features of the s_________ transporter gene called 5-HTTLPR.
Serotonin
_______ ______- refers to an individuals feelings of powerlessness following exposure to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which the individual has no control.
learned helplessness
Psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania—an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state is called _______ ________.
bipolar disorder
Bipolar ___ disorder involves extreme manic episodes during which a person may hallucinate- that is, see or hear things that are not there.
I
Bipolar ___ disorder refers to the milder version in which the person may experience less extreme euphoria.
II
____ influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than of depression.
genetic
An individual with an identical twin who has bipolar disorder has about a ___% probability of also having the disorder, and a fraternal twin has more than ___% probabilty
70%
10%
In addition to ___ levels of norepinehrine and ____ levels of serotonin, studies link dysregulated g_____ to bipolar disorder.
high
low
glutamate
a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior is called d_____ m_______ d_____
disruptive mood dysregulation
____ is a Psychological state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.
psychosis
Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from ________ may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality is called ________.
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is usally diagnosed in early adulthood and around age ___ for me and ___ for women.
18- men
25-women
The suicide risk for people with schizophrenia is ___ times that for the general population.
8 times
Schizophrenic _____ symptoms involve a distortion or an excess of normal function. They are _____ bc they reflect something “Added” above and beyond normal behavior. Symptoms usually include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorders.
positive symptoms
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli are called ______.
hallucinations
False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture are called _______.
delusions
The unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia is called ______ ______.
Thought disorder
Neologisms- when a person makes up new words
Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events is called ______ ________.
referential thinking
The unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia is called _____ disorders.
movement disorders
State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time is called ______.
catatonia
_____ symptoms reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.
negative symptoms
The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia is called the f____ a_____.
flat affect
______ symptoms of schizophrenia include deficits in executive functioning, including difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, and inability to interpret information and make decisions.
cognitive symptoms
________ explanations to schizophrenia include genetics differences, brain differences, and problems in regulating neurotransmitters.
Biological
People with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged v_____ in the brain. These v________ are fluid-filled spaces and enlargement of the v_____ indicates deterioration in other brain tissue.
Ventricles
People with schizophrenia have a smalled ______ cortex and lower activity in this area of the brain when compared to healthy individuals.
prefrontal cortex
problems in p______ development may predispose a brain to develop schizophrenia symptoms later in life.
prental development
Problems regulating the neurotransmitter d______ plays a role in schizophrenia.
dopamine
G_____ is another neurotransmitter that plays a role in schizophrenia. G_______ send the message for other neurons to fire.
Glutamate
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality is called ______ disorders.
personality disorders
DSM-5 lists ___# of personality disorders.
10
Personality Disorders according to the DSM-5
____ _____ disorder (aspd) is a Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Antisocial personality disorder
___ play a rold in aspd.
genes
People with ASPD show lower levels of ____nomic nervous system arousal and are less stressed than others by aversive circumstances, including punishment.
autonomic nervous system arousal
A subgroup of ASPD is p______. They are remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want. Ted Bundy for example
psychopaths
People with ASPD that are classified as psychopaths have less gray matter in the areas of the ____ associated with empathy.
brain
Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions and by marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts is called _____ _______ _______ (BPD).
Borderline personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder is more common in _____, among those with lower SES, and among those younger than 30.
women
Causes of BPD include b_____ factors and childhood experiences.
biological
s______ is a thinking style where a person sees the world in “either-or” terms.
splitting
