Chpt 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time is called ______ _______.

Answer 1

abnormal behavior

Question 2

______ means that a behavior does not conform to accepted social standards. When atypical behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture, it is often called abnormal.

Answer 2

deviant

Question 3

______ behavior interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world.

Answer 3

maladaptive

Question 4

Abnormal behavior involves _____ _______ over a long period of time, meaning the person finds it troubling.

Answer 4

personal distress

Question 5

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin is called _____ ______.

Answer 5

medical model

Question 6

The ______ approach attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal illnesses. This approach primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as sources of abnormality.

Answer 6

Biological approach

Question 7

The _______ approach is taken by the American Psychiatric Association - creates the diagnostic categories for mental health professionals.

Answer 7

biological

Question 8

The ______ approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to psychological disorders.

Answer 8

Psychological

Question 9

The __________ approach looks to social contexts and variables like culture, or gender.

Answer 9

sociocultural

Question 10

Sociocultural Approach Disorders

Question 11

________ researchers stress the role of social factors- such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and family relationships on psychological disorders.

Answer 11

Sociocultural

Question 12

Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions—such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences—may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder is called the ______-________ ________ or diathesis-stress model

Answer 12

vulnerability-stress hypothesis

Question 13

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States is called the ______-___.

Answer 13

DSM-5

Question 14

The World Health Organization devised the ICD-10 . What is the name for this?

Answer 14

International Classification of Diseases

Question 15

A criticism of the ______-_ is that it reflects only the medical model, neglecting factors such as poverty, unemployment, and trauma.

Answer 15

DSM-5

Question 16

Criticisms of the DSM-5

Question 17

A psychological disorder in which a person experiences one or more bodily (somatic) symptoms and experiences excessive thoughts and feelings about these symptoms that interfere with everyday functioning is called _____ _______ ______.

Answer 17

Somatic symptom disorder

Question 18

When two or more disorders are experienced at the same time is called _________.

Answer 18

comorbidity

Question 19

Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disorder is called _____ ______.

Answer 19

risk factors

Question 20

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems is called _________.

Answer 20

psychotherapy

Question 21

A class of psychological disorders that typically appear in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development is called _____________ __________.

Answer 21

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 22

A neurodevelopmental disorder involving persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a variety of settings as well as restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities is called _______ ________ ________.

Answer 22

autism spectrum disorder

Question 23

ADS affects 1 in ___ 8 yeat olds.

Answer 23

69

Question 24

TRUE OR FALE

ASD is 2-5 times more common in boys than girls.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

ASD is called a ________ because the impairment it causes is extremely variable.

Answer 25

spectrum

Question 26

High functioning people with ASD were once diagnosed with _______ __________. Now that diagnosis acknowledges the spectrum of function and the label is no longer used.

Answer 26

aspergers syndrome

Question 27

______ _____ ______ refers to understanding that other people have subjective experiences that from our own.

Answer 27

Theory of mind

Question 28

Another theory holds that people with ASD have profoundly lower _____ _______ than typically developing people. This difference affects what infants attend to and what they learn from experience.

Answer 28

social motivation

Question 29

A final approach to ASD notes that people with ASD are often very sensitive to sights, sounds, and tactile sensations and have problems integrating sensory experiences.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Children are screened for ASD between ___ and __ months. Screening monitors the childs communication and social abilities.

Answer 30

18-24

Question 31

Measureable phsyical qualities that signal the presence of a disorder are called ________.

Answer 31

biomarkers

Question 32

A cognitive bias that occurs when two vivid events happen close in time and they are mistakenly perceived as linked, meaningfully is called ______ ________.

Answer 32

illusory Correlation

Question 33

Risk factors for ____ include parental age, maternal obestiy, diabetes, and hypertension, and prenatal exposure to some chemicals, maternal infections such as rubella during pregnancy, preterm birth, birth complications and infant seizures shortly after birth are are predicters of ASD.

Answer 33

ASD

Question 34

The 2 most important factors in ASD are _____ and the ______.

Answer 34

genes and the brain.

Question 35

The heritability estimate for ASD is over _____%.

Answer 35

80%

Question 36

At risk infants of ASD show an _______ pattern of brain development.

Answer 36

atypical

Question 37

In a study among at risk infants at 6 months of age, networks in the brain (including the temporal, parietal, occipital, and _______ area were less able to communicate effectively, and this inefficiency predicted severity of ASD symptoms at one year.

Answer 37

brocas

Question 38

A study of ______ with ASD found deficits in the brains reward pathways in response to social stimuli. Other studies suggest deficits in mirror neuron functioning and _______ face processing.

Answer 38

adults | emotional

Question 39

underlying causes that vary from person to person is known as being _______ _________.

Answer 39

etiologically diverse

Question 40

Etilogical diversity means that people with ASD may share similar ______ but the underlying causes differ across persons.

Answer 40

phenotypes

Question 41

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior is called _____ ______ ____ or behavior modification.

Answer 41

applied behavior analysis

Question 42

The applied behavior analysis uses ________ ________ ________ which has caused improved IQ scores, communication, and language skills among children with ASD.

Answer 42

DISCRIMINATION, reinforcement, shaping

Question 43

A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity is called ______-________ ______ _______.

Answer 43

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 44

Symptoms for ADHD must occur before afe ____ and appear across a variety of settings.

Answer 44

12

Question 45

ADHD occurs in most cultures in about _____ percent of children but there are big differences across countries in ADHD.

Answer 45

5

Question 46

Are boys or girls more likely to develop ADHD?

Answer 46

BOYS

Question 47

About ____% of those diagnosed with ADHD as children continue to experience symptoms later in life.

Answer 47

70%

Question 48

In 2016, over ____% of American children aged 4-17 were diagnosed with ADHD. Rates are higher for WHite/European American children than for Ethnic/Racial groups.

Answer 48

9%

Question 49

______ predicts lower academic performance and poorer peer relations, likely to engage in delinguency, higher rates of relationship difficulties, and increased likelihood of incarceration , and lower SES.

Answer 49

ADHD

Question 50

Very premature birth, low birth weight, and prenatal exposure to alcholo or smoking are risk factors for ______.

Answer 50

ADHD

Question 51

Childhood lead exposure in combo with factors such as poverty is also associated with _____.

Answer 51

ADHD

Question 52

Children who experience adverse events (physical, sexual, or verbal abuse, and neglect) are more likely to be diagnosed with ______.

Answer 52

ADHD

Question 53

Twin studies show that up to ____% of the variance in ADHD symptoms is accounted for by genetic variability.

Answer 53

70%

Question 54

ADHD is ______, meaning that it is related to the interaction of two or more genes.

Answer 54

polygenic

Question 55

_______ differences are thought to affect brain development in ways that contribute to ADHD.

Answer 55

GENETIC

Question 56

In the hypothesis that says that children with ADHD , the brain (esp the _______ ________ develops more slowly compared to typically developing people.

Answer 56

prefrontal cortx

Question 57

ADHD is associated with reduced _______ thickness and fewer connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions.

Answer 57

cortical

Question 58

______ approaches emphasize that problems in executive function are the root cause of problems in ADHD.

Answer 58

COGNITIVE

Question 59

Another neurobiological focus is the ____ centers of the brain , where people with ADHD have less brain volume.

Answer 59

reward

Question 60

ADHD is associated with dysregulation in the neurotransmitter ______ and pathways that carry this important neurotransmitter.

Answer 60

dopamine

Question 61

In addition to dopamine, dysregulation of __________ and ________ in infancy predict the development of ADHD

Answer 61

acetylcholine | melatonin

Question 62

_____ or Adderall are the first line stimulant drugs for treating ADHD

Answer 62

Ritalin

Question 63

_______ can be effective in treating ADHD in children whose symptoms do not respond to medication or who are very young, treating ADHD in adults, and parents of children with ADHD.

Answer 63

Psychotherapy

Question 64

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is called _______ ________.

Answer 64

Anxiety Disorders

Question 65

4 of the most common _____ disorders are Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder.

Answer 65

Anxiety

Question 66

An anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety is called ________ ________ ________.

Answer 66

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question 67

The ______ factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorders are genetic predisposition, deficiency in the neurotransmitter GABA(brains brake pedal), respiratory system abnormalities, and problems regulating the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 67

biological

Question 68

The __________ and _________ factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorder include having harsh (or even impossible) self-standards; overly strict, critical, or cold parents; difficulty dealing with uncertainty; automatic negative thoughts when feeling stressed; a history of uncontrollable traumas or stressers (such as an abusive parent)

Answer 68

psychological | sociocultural

Question 69

An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause is called _______ ______.

Answer 69

panic disorder

Question 70

_________ factors that may underlie panic disorder are genes that direct neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin.

Answer 70

Biological

Question 71

The brain chemical _______ which plays a role in brain metabolism is elevated in those with panic disorder.

Answer 71

lactate

Question 72

____ disorders appear to share biological features with physical illness, asthma, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

Answer 72

Panic

Question 73

In humans, _______ _______ (CO2) is a very strong ________ stimulus for fear, suggesting that we may be biologically prepared to learn an association between high concentrations of C02 and fear.

Answer 73

carbon dioxide | conditioned

Question 74

Showing a conditioned response (in this case, fear) to stimuli other than the particular one used in learning is called __________.

Answer 74

generalization

Question 75

In terms of sociocultural factors, _____ are nearly twice as likely as _____ to have panic attacks. Differences in hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as different ways men and women cope with anxiety-provoking situations, are possible reasons for this.

Answer 75

Women | Men

Question 76

Specific phobias

Question 77

Explanations of specific phobias view them as based on experiences, memories, and ________ __________.

Answer 77

learned associations

Question 78

______ are more likely than _______ to experience specific phobias.

Answer 78

women | men

Question 79

An anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations is called _________ _______ _______ (SAD) or social phobia.

Answer 79

social anxiety disorder

Question 80

Neural circuitry involving the T________, A________, and the C______ _______ may play a role in SAD. The neurotransmitter O________ may also be involved.

Answer 80

Thalamus Amygdala Cerebral Cortex Oxytocin

Question 81

Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called _______-________ disorder.

Answer 81

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 82

Factors contributing to OCD may be due low levels of S_______ and D_________, and high levels of G________.

Answer 82

Serotonin Dopamine Glutamate

Question 83

In people with OCD, the f______ c______ or b______ g______ are so active or connected to other areas of the brain that numerous impulses reach the thalamus, generating obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions.

Answer 83

frontal cortex | basal ganglia

Question 84

______ _______ is a powerful form of negative reinforcement that occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, an unpleasant or aversive stimulus can be avoided completely.

Answer 84

Avoidance learning

Question 85

Fundamentally, OCD symptoms reflect an intolerance of ________.

Answer 85

uncertainty

Question 86

_________ disorder Involves compulsive collecting, poor organizational skills, and difficulty discarding, as well as cognitive deficits in information-processing speed, decision making, and procrastination.

Answer 86

hoarding disorder

Question 87

________ disorder (or skin picking) refers to a particular compulsion, picking at one's skin, sometimes to the point of injury. More common among women and is seen as a symptom of autism disorder.

Answer 87

Excoriation

Question 88

___________ (hair pulling) is a disorder in which the person compulsively pulls at his or her hair, from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body hairs.

Answer 88

Trichotillomania

Question 89

_______ _______ disorder involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance

Answer 89

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Question 90

A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional.

Answer 90

group therapy

Question 91

6 features that characterize group therapy: | ADEIIU

Answer 91

``` Altruism Development of social skills Experience of a positive family group Information Interpersonal learning Universality ```

Question 92

4 of the most widely used therapy techniques for family therapy are: DRSV

Answer 92

Detriangulation Reframing Structural Damage Validation