Chpt 15: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time is called ______ _______.
abnormal behavior
______ means that a behavior does not conform to accepted social standards. When atypical behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture, it is often called abnormal.
deviant
______ behavior interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world.
maladaptive
Abnormal behavior involves _____ _______ over a long period of time, meaning the person finds it troubling.
personal distress
The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin is called _____ ______.
medical model
The ______ approach attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal illnesses. This approach primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as sources of abnormality.
Biological approach
The _______ approach is taken by the American Psychiatric Association - creates the diagnostic categories for mental health professionals.
biological
The ______ approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to psychological disorders.
Psychological
The __________ approach looks to social contexts and variables like culture, or gender.
sociocultural
Sociocultural Approach Disorders
________ researchers stress the role of social factors- such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and family relationships on psychological disorders.
Sociocultural
Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions—such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences—may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder is called the ______-________ ________ or diathesis-stress model
vulnerability-stress hypothesis
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States is called the ______-___.
DSM-5
The World Health Organization devised the ICD-10 . What is the name for this?
International Classification of Diseases
A criticism of the ______-_ is that it reflects only the medical model, neglecting factors such as poverty, unemployment, and trauma.
DSM-5
Criticisms of the DSM-5
A psychological disorder in which a person experiences one or more bodily (somatic) symptoms and experiences excessive thoughts and feelings about these symptoms that interfere with everyday functioning is called _____ _______ ______.
Somatic symptom disorder
When two or more disorders are experienced at the same time is called _________.
comorbidity
Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disorder is called _____ ______.
risk factors
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems is called _________.
psychotherapy
A class of psychological disorders that typically appear in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development is called _____________ __________.
Neurodevelopmental disorders
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a variety of settings as well as restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities is called _______ ________ ________.
autism spectrum disorder
ADS affects 1 in ___ 8 yeat olds.
69
TRUE OR FALE
ASD is 2-5 times more common in boys than girls.
TRUE
ASD is called a ________ because the impairment it causes is extremely variable.
spectrum
High functioning people with ASD were once diagnosed with _______ __________. Now that diagnosis acknowledges the spectrum of function and the label is no longer used.
aspergers syndrome
______ _____ ______ refers to understanding that other people have subjective experiences that from our own.
Theory of mind
Another theory holds that people with ASD have profoundly lower _____ _______ than typically developing people. This difference affects what infants attend to and what they learn from experience.
social motivation
A final approach to ASD notes that people with ASD are often very sensitive to sights, sounds, and tactile sensations and have problems integrating sensory experiences.
TRUE
Children are screened for ASD between ___ and __ months. Screening monitors the childs communication and social abilities.
18-24
Measureable phsyical qualities that signal the presence of a disorder are called ________.
biomarkers
A cognitive bias that occurs when two vivid events happen close in time and they are mistakenly perceived as linked, meaningfully is called ______ ________.
illusory Correlation
Risk factors for ____ include parental age, maternal obestiy, diabetes, and hypertension, and prenatal exposure to some chemicals, maternal infections such as rubella during pregnancy, preterm birth, birth complications and infant seizures shortly after birth are are predicters of ASD.
ASD
The 2 most important factors in ASD are _____ and the ______.
genes and the brain.
The heritability estimate for ASD is over _____%.
80%
At risk infants of ASD show an _______ pattern of brain development.
atypical
In a study among at risk infants at 6 months of age, networks in the brain (including the temporal, parietal, occipital, and _______ area were less able to communicate effectively, and this inefficiency predicted severity of ASD symptoms at one year.
brocas
A study of ______ with ASD found deficits in the brains reward pathways in response to social stimuli. Other studies suggest deficits in mirror neuron functioning and _______ face processing.
adults
emotional
underlying causes that vary from person to person is known as being _______ _________.
etiologically diverse
Etilogical diversity means that people with ASD may share similar ______ but the underlying causes differ across persons.
phenotypes
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior is called _____ ______ ____ or behavior modification.
applied behavior analysis
The applied behavior analysis uses ________ ________ ________ which has caused improved IQ scores, communication, and language skills among children with ASD.
DISCRIMINATION, reinforcement, shaping
A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity is called ______-________ ______ _______.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Symptoms for ADHD must occur before afe ____ and appear across a variety of settings.
12
ADHD occurs in most cultures in about _____ percent of children but there are big differences across countries in ADHD.
5
Are boys or girls more likely to develop ADHD?
BOYS
About ____% of those diagnosed with ADHD as children continue to experience symptoms later in life.
70%
In 2016, over ____% of American children aged 4-17 were diagnosed with ADHD. Rates are higher for WHite/European American children than for Ethnic/Racial groups.
9%
______ predicts lower academic performance and poorer peer relations, likely to engage in delinguency, higher rates of relationship difficulties, and increased likelihood of incarceration , and lower SES.
ADHD
Very premature birth, low birth weight, and prenatal exposure to alcholo or smoking are risk factors for ______.
ADHD
Childhood lead exposure in combo with factors such as poverty is also associated with _____.
ADHD
Children who experience adverse events (physical, sexual, or verbal abuse, and neglect) are more likely to be diagnosed with ______.
ADHD
Twin studies show that up to ____% of the variance in ADHD symptoms is accounted for by genetic variability.
70%
ADHD is ______, meaning that it is related to the interaction of two or more genes.
polygenic
_______ differences are thought to affect brain development in ways that contribute to ADHD.
GENETIC
In the hypothesis that says that children with ADHD , the brain (esp the _______ ________ develops more slowly compared to typically developing people.
prefrontal cortx
ADHD is associated with reduced _______ thickness and fewer connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions.
cortical
______ approaches emphasize that problems in executive function are the root cause of problems in ADHD.
COGNITIVE
Another neurobiological focus is the ____ centers of the brain , where people with ADHD have less brain volume.
reward
ADHD is associated with dysregulation in the neurotransmitter ______ and pathways that carry this important neurotransmitter.
dopamine
In addition to dopamine, dysregulation of __________ and ________ in infancy predict the development of ADHD
acetylcholine
melatonin
_____ or Adderall are the first line stimulant drugs for treating ADHD
Ritalin
_______ can be effective in treating ADHD in children whose symptoms do not respond to medication or who are very young, treating ADHD in adults, and parents of children with ADHD.
Psychotherapy
Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is called _______ ________.
Anxiety Disorders
4 of the most common _____ disorders are Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder.
Anxiety
An anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety is called ________ ________ ________.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The ______ factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorders are genetic predisposition, deficiency in the neurotransmitter GABA(brains brake pedal), respiratory system abnormalities, and problems regulating the sympathetic nervous system.
biological
The __________ and _________ factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorder include having harsh (or even impossible) self-standards; overly strict, critical, or cold parents; difficulty dealing with uncertainty; automatic negative thoughts when feeling stressed; a history of uncontrollable traumas or stressers (such as an abusive parent)
psychological
sociocultural
An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause is called _______ ______.
panic disorder
_________ factors that may underlie panic disorder are genes that direct neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin.
Biological
The brain chemical _______ which plays a role in brain metabolism is elevated in those with panic disorder.
lactate
____ disorders appear to share biological features with physical illness, asthma, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Panic
In humans, _______ _______ (CO2) is a very strong ________ stimulus for fear, suggesting that we may be biologically prepared to learn an association between high concentrations of C02 and fear.
carbon dioxide
conditioned
Showing a conditioned response (in this case, fear) to stimuli other than the particular one used in learning is called __________.
generalization
In terms of sociocultural factors, _____ are nearly twice as likely as _____ to have panic attacks.
Differences in hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as different ways men and women cope with anxiety-provoking situations, are possible reasons for this.
Women
Men
Specific phobias
Explanations of specific phobias view them as based on experiences, memories, and ________ __________.
learned associations
______ are more likely than _______ to experience specific phobias.
women
men
An anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations is called _________ _______ _______ (SAD) or social phobia.
social anxiety disorder
Neural circuitry involving the T________, A________, and the C______ _______ may play a role in SAD.
The neurotransmitter O________ may also be involved.
Thalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral Cortex
Oxytocin
Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called _______-________ disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Factors contributing to OCD may be due low levels of S_______ and D_________, and high levels of G________.
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
In people with OCD, the f______ c______ or b______ g______ are so active or connected to other areas of the brain that numerous impulses reach the thalamus, generating obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions.
frontal cortex
basal ganglia
______ _______ is a powerful form of negative reinforcement that occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, an unpleasant or aversive stimulus can be avoided completely.
Avoidance learning
Fundamentally, OCD symptoms reflect an intolerance of ________.
uncertainty
_________ disorder Involves compulsive collecting, poor organizational skills, and difficulty discarding, as well as cognitive deficits in information-processing speed, decision making, and procrastination.
hoarding disorder
________ disorder (or skin picking) refers to a particular compulsion, picking at one’s skin, sometimes to the point of injury. More common among women and is seen as a symptom of autism disorder.
Excoriation
___________ (hair pulling) is a disorder in which the person compulsively pulls at his or her hair, from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body hairs.
Trichotillomania
_______ _______ disorder involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one’s physical appearance
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional.
group therapy
6 features that characterize group therapy:
ADEIIU
Altruism Development of social skills Experience of a positive family group Information Interpersonal learning Universality
4 of the most widely used therapy techniques for family therapy are:
DRSV
Detriangulation
Reframing
Structural Damage
Validation
