Chpt 12: Personality Flashcards
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Theoretical views emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness).
(2 words)
psychodynamic perspectives
True or False
According to the psychodynamic perspective, aspects of our personality are unconscious because unconscious forces are too frightening to be part of our awareness.
TRUE
Who introduced the psychodynamic view of personality?
Sigmund Freud
Who is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century?
Sigmund Freud
Freud defined ____ as organ pleasure. Anything that is pleasurable is ____.
Sex
Freud developed _________, his approach to personality.
psychoanalysis
_________ refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause.
hysteria
Freud concluded that hysterical symptoms were ____________, meaning, that those symptoms had many causes in the unconscious.
overdetermined
_______ came to use hysterical symptoms as a metaphor for understanding dreams, slips of the tongue, and all human behavior.
Freud
The conscious and unconscious mind. This photo shows the conscious mind =(above water) and the unconscious mind (below the water). The ID is completely unconscious.
What are the 3 structures of Personality?
(3 words)
Id
Ego
Superego
The Freudian structure of personality consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.
ID
Also considered the “it” in regards to personality.
(1 WORD)
ID
The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
Ego
Works according to the pleasure principle as it relates to personality.
ID
Works according to the reality principle as it relates to personality.
EGO
The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience.
SUPEREGO
The Freudian term for tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Defense Mechanisms
The master defense mechanism; the ego pushes unacceptable impulse out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind is called _________.
(1 word)
Repression
The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one is called ___________.
Rationalization
The ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable one.
Displacement
The ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one.
Sublimination
The ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others.
Projection
The ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite.
(2 words)
Reaction formation
The ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.
Denial
The ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress.
Regression
Which defense mechanism is the most powerful and pervasive?
Regression
What are the 8 defense mechanisms used to help the Ego deal with stressful situations?
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Reaction Formation
Regression
Rationalization
Repression
Sublimination
DDPRRRRS
Parts of the body that have strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development.
Erogenous Zones
What are the 5 personality developmental stages where sexual pleasure is experienced in one part of the body more than in others?
Oral Stage- first 18 months
Anal Stage- 18-36 months
Phallic Stage- 3-6 years old
Latency Period- 6 years -puberty
Genital Stage- adolescence and adulthood
The oral stage of sexual pleasure occurs in the first _____ months.
18 months
The anal stage of sexual pleasure occurs between ____ and ____ months.
18-36 months
The phallic stage (phallus= penis) occurs between ____ to ____ years.
3-6 years
What personality developmental stage triggers the Oedipus complex?
phallic stage
According to Freud, a boy’s intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.
Oedipus Complex
_______ ________ refers to a boys intense fear of being mutilated by his father according to Freud.
(2 words)
Castration Anxiety
The intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son according to Freud.
(2 words)
Penis Envy
What developmental period (out of the 5), occurs between 6 years to puberty?
(2 words)
Latency Period
What developmental stage as it relates to sexual pleasure occurs between adolescence and adulthood?
(2 words)
Genital Stage
________ occurs when a particular psychosexual stage colors an individuals adult personality.
Fixation
Adult Extentions
Karen _______ a critic to Freuds Psychodynamic Theory, rejected the notion that anatomy is destiny.
Horney
Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
collective unconscious
Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
collective unconscious
Carl ______ developed the concepts of unconscious archetypes.
Jung
Jung’s term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people.
archetypes
Two common archetypes Jung used were _____ to refer to the passive feminine side and _______ to refer to the assertive masculine side
(2 words)
Anima
Animus
Jung believes the _________ represents the public mask that we all wear during social interactions.
Persona
Adler’s view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life.
(2 words)
Individual Psychology
Adlers term for the individual attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one’s own abilities.
Compensation
According to _______ the healthiest birth order position is the middle child.
Adler
SUMMARY: Psychodynamic Perspectives
Freud developed Psychoanalysis through his work with patients suffering from hysterical symptoms. He viewed these symptoms as conflicts between sexual drive and duty. Freud believed most personalities -id, ego, and superego are unconscious. However, the ego uses defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety.
Critics of Freud’s approach include Horney, who said that the need for security, not sex or aggression, is the most important need. Jung developed the concept of the “collective unconscious”- a library of archetypes. Adler’s “individual psychology” stresses that people strive toward perfection.
Weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach include overreliance on reports from the past and overemphasis on the unconscious mind. Strengths of the psychodynamic approaches include: recognizing the importance of childhood, conceptualizing development through stages, and calling attention to the role of unconscious processes in behavior.
Theoretical views of personality that stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.
Humanistic Perspectives
A leading architect of the humanistic movement was Abraham __________. He believed that we can learn the most about human personality by focusing on the very best examples of human beings- self acutalizers.
Maslow
The motivation to develop to one’s full potential as a human being.
(2 words)
Self actualization
According to Maslow, ________ _________ are spontaneous, creative, possess a childlike capacity for awe, tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor, likely to pursue the greater good, and maintain a capacity for “peak experiences”.
(2 words)
Self Actualizers
Carl _______ a psychotherapist and key figure in the development of humanistic psychology struggled to understand the unhappiness in individuals and his work set the foundation for contemporary studies of personal growth and self-determination.
Carl Rogers
Carl ______ believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth, fulfillment, and positive regard from others- we need to be loved, liked, or accepted by people around us.
Carl Rogers
Rogers’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of the person’s behavior.
(3 words)
unconditional positive regard
The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.
( 3 words)
conditions of worth
Our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become during childhood- the hub of human functioning. Reflects our genuine desires.
( 2 words)
Self-concept
According to Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, to reconnect to ones true feelings and desires, the individual must experience a relationship that includes 3 essential qualities ________ _________ ________, _________, and __________.
(5 words)
Unconditional Positive Regard
Empathy
Genuiness
Unconditional Positive Regard
Empathy
Genuiness
SUMMARY: Humanistic Perspectives
Humanistic perspectives stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. Maslow developed the concept of a hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization being the highest human need. In Roger’s approach, each of us is born with a tendency toward growth, a sense of what is good and bad for us, and a need for unconditional positive regard. Rogers’ believed that in order to reconnect with the truest self, a person requires a relationship that includes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Critics suggest the humanistic perspectives approach is too optimistic and downplays personal responsibility.
Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
trait theories
Gordon ______, sometimes referred to as the father of American personality psychology believed that to understand healthy people, we need to focus on their lives in the present.
Gordon Allport
The ________ approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language people use to talk about one another.
Lexical
In analyzing trait words, _________ _________ tells us what items on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.
(2 words)
factor analysis
Who came up with the Five-Factor Model of Personality?
W.T Norman
The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Anagram- OCEAN
big five factors of personality
Lee ______ -“ If for each environment there is a best organism, for every organism there must be a best environment.”
Cronbach
The _____ approach is the dominant perspective on personality psychology today.
trait
The HEXACO model incorporates a 6th dimension to personality traits.
What is the 6th trait?
Honesty/humility
SUMMARY: Trait Perspectives
Trait theories emphasize that personality consists of traits- broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic responses. Allport stated that traits should produce consistent behavior in different situations, and he used the lexical approach to personality traits which involves using all of the words in the natural language that could describe a person as a basis for understanding the traits of personality.
The five-factor model is the dominant perspective in personality psychology which includes Openness, Consciousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (emotional stability). Trait approaches are criticized for focusing on broad dimensions and not attending to each person’s uniqueness.
_________, the father of medicine described human beings as having one of four basic personalities based on level of particular bodily fluids called humours.
(sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic)
Hippocrates
According to Hippocrates, what basic personality as it relates to bodily fluids (humours) is considered: personality was a happy, optimistic individual who happened to have an abundance of blood.
sanguine
According to Hippocrates, what basic personality as it relates to bodily fluids (humours) is considered: person was quick tempered, with too much yellow bile.
Choleric
According to Hippocrates, what basic personality as it relates to bodily fluids (humours) is considered:
personality referred to a placid, sluggish individual with too much
phlegmatic
According to Hippocrates, what basic personality as it relates to bodily fluids (humours) is considered:
pessimist had too much black bile.
melancholic
Personality involves the _____ and _______ processes.
(2 words)
Brain
Biological
Allport defined traits as _________ structures and personality as a ___________ system.
neuropsychic
pscyhophysical
“No brain no personality was declared by _______.
Murray
The ______ approach to personality seeks to link personality processes with physical aspects of the person, including the brain and genes.
Biological
True or false
Conscientiousness is related to cortical thickness and a network of brain areas involved in goal pursuit.
TRUE
_________ predicts responses to humor in the amygdala.
Extraversion
Hans ______ was among the first to describe the role of a particular brain system in personality.
Eysenck
Hans ________ developed an approach to extraversion and introversion based on the role of arousal in personality and behavior
Eysenck
Hans ________ developed an approach to extraversion and introversion based on the role of arousal in personality and behavior
Eysenck
Eysenck focused on the ______ activation system.
Reticular activation system
The name given for the reticular formation and its connections. (RAS)
Reticular Activation System
According to Eysenck, Extraverts wake up _____ the optimal level and introverts wake up ______ the optimal level.
Below
Above
A process similar to what Eysenck proposed for arousal- not involving the RAS, but rather blood flow in the _______, a part of the basal ganglia - plays a role in dopamine.
Striatum
_______ is the neurotransmitter linked with the experience of reward.
dopamine
Jeffrey ______ proposed a neuropsychology of personality called reinforcement sensitivity theory.
Gray
Gray’s neurological systems
Grays _____ system is sensitive to rewards in the environment, predisposes one to feelings of positive emotion, and underlies the trait extraversion
BAS
Grays _____ system is sensitive to punishments and is involved in avoidance learning: predisposes the individual to feelings of fear and underlies the trait neuroticism.
BIS
According to research based on Gray’s conceptual model of reinforcement sensitivity proposed interacting brain systems as primarily responsible for (BAS and BIS). What are the 3 brain systems and which one of Grays Reinforcement Theories is it relevant to?
amygdala
pre-frontal cortex
anterior congulated cortex
BAS- Extraversion
________ is associated with low levels of circulating serotonin.
neuroticism
Extraversion is linked to _________ and neuroticism is linked to _________.
Dopamine
Serotonin
The study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.
Behavioral Genetics
True or False
autobiographical memories about ones childhood and early family experiences are influenced by genetics.
TRUE
__________ is a person’s characteristic pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. (Behavior, thoughts, and feelings are physical events in the body)
personality
SUMMARY: Biological Perspectives
Eysenck suggested that introversion/extraversion can be understood as reflecting differences in arousal regulation.Gray developed a reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality, suggesting that extraversion and neuroticism can be understood as 2 neurological systems that respond to rewards ( Behavioral Activation System- BAS), and the punishments (Behavioral Inhibition System) in the environment.
Dopamine is associated with extraversion and serotonin is associated with behavioral avoidance (neuroticism/introversion). Behavioral genetic studies have shown that the heritability of personality traits is approx. 50%. Studies of biological processes in personality are valuable but can overestimate the causal role of biological factors..
A method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits; also called an objective test or an inventory.
Self-report test
What type of personality test asks question that have a yes/no, true/false, or agree/disasgree answer?
“I am easily embarrassed. Or, I love to go to parties”
Sel-report test
One problem with the self report tests is ________ _________.
(2 words)
Social Desirability
A type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way.
empirically keyed test
This type of personality test measure the differences between two groups.
______ ________ ______
(3 words)
empirically keyed test
The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.
(4 words)
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
How many items (questions) are on the MMPI test?
567
This type of personality test is used to assess mental health, as a tool for hiring decisions, to help people make career decisions, and in forensic settings; assessing criminal risk.
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Who constructed the NEO-PI-R self report test?
(2 people)
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
The Personality Test NEO-PI-R is a self report test that assesses the five-factor model: What are the 5 factors?
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
The Personality Test NEO-PI-R stands for?
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory Revised
The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring is called _______ _________.
(2 words)
face validity
A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
( 2 words)
projection test
This type of personality test is designed to elicit the individuals unconscious feelings and conflicts, providing an assessment that goes deeper than the surface of personality. The individual interprets the stimulus of the the test based on their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes.
(2 words)
Projective test
A famous projective test that uses an individual’s perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.
( 3 words)
Rorschach inkblot test
Hermann _______ developed the _________- Inkblot Test.
Rorschach
Rorschach inkblot test
This type of personality test consists of 10 cards, half in black-and-white, and half in color in which the individual views one at a time. The test taker is asked to describe what she sees in each of the cards.
(3 words)
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Does the Rorshach Inblot test meet criteria for reliability and validity? Yes or No and why?
No
To be reliable two different scorers would agree on the personality characteristics of the individual being tested.
To be valid, it would predict behavior outside of the testing situation.
A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality.
(3 words)
TAT
Thematic Apperception Test now more commonly called the PSE- Picture Story Exercise
Henry _________ and Christina ________ developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
(2 People)
Henry Murray and Christina Morgan
This type of personality test used pictures. The individual is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out.
(3 words)
TAT or PSE
Thematic Apperception Test or Picture Story Exercise
This type of personality test is used in clinical practice and in research. The stories are coded for motivational content; need for achievement, affiliation, power, intimacy, and a variety of other needs.
TAT or PSE
Thematic Apperception Test or Picture Story Exercise
True or False
The TAT personality test is shown to be reliable and valid.
True
Approaches to Personality Psychology
What approach to personality is descibled by unconscious processes and childhood experiences?
Psychodynamic
The __________ approach typically uses case studies and projective techniques in personality testing.
psychodynamic
What approach to personality psychology evolves out of the persons innate organismic motives to grow and actualize the self. (Human nature is basically good)
Humanistic
The ________ approach to personality psychology typically uses questionnaires, interviews, and observation is measuring personality
Humanistic
What approach to personality psychology is characterized by five general traits that are represented in the natural language that people use to describe themselves and others?
Trait
The ______ approach to personality typically uses questionnaires and observer reports in measuring personality.
trait
What approach to personality psychology believes that we must understand the whole person through stories.
Personological and life story
In the _________ ____ ______ ______ approach to personality psychology, written narratives, TAT stories or PSE, autobiographical memories, and psychobiography is used to measure personality.
(4 words)
Personological and Life Story
What approach to personality pscyhology believes that personality is the pattern of coherence that characterizes a persons interactions with the situations he or she encounters in life. The individuals beliefs and expectations rather than global traits.
Social Cognitive
In the _______ _______ approach to personality psychology, multiple observations over different situations: video recorded behaviors rated by coders, and questionnaires are used to measure personality.
(2 words)
Social Cognitive
What approach to personality psychology believes that personality characteristics reflect underlying biological processes such as those carried out by the brain, neurotransmitters, and genes. Differences in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings depend on these processes.
Biological
In the _______ approach to personality psychology, brain imaging, twin studies, and molecular genetic studies are used in measuring personality.
Biological
What are the 6 approaches to personality psychology?
BHPPST
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social Cognitive
Trait
Personlogical and Life Story
Biological
SUMMARY: Personality Assessment
