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Fire Appartus Driver Operator > Chpt 7 > Flashcards

Chpt 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Fire service _______ is the study of the characteristics and movement of water as they pertain to calculations for fire streams and fire ground operations

A

Hydraulics

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2
Q

The scientific or more exact calculations are commonly referred to as

A

Theoretical hydraulics

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3
Q

Is the term for the less exact but certainly more user friendly and forgiving calculation methods used on the fire ground

A

Fireground hydraulics

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4
Q

To be as accurate as possible when performing hydraulic calculations, you should use the manufacturer’s recommended ________specific to the actual used on your hose or appliance, with your fire apparatus under the guidelines of your fire department

A

Nozzle pressure

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5
Q

Flow tests with your equipment will confirm the most precise _____ to use

A

Pressures

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6
Q

Fighting fire with water is a matter of ______ versus heat generation, British thermal units, joules, or kilocalories

A

Flow rate

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7
Q

To extinguish a fire, sufficient flow must be applied to over come the heat generated by the fire a rate referred to as the _______

A

Critical rate of flow

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8
Q

The real goal of the driver operator is to deliver the correct ______ to the nozzle

A

Flow

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9
Q

The ______ is the total pressure needed to overcome all friction, appliance, and elevation loss while maintaining adequate nozzle pressure to deliver effective fire streams

A

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)

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10
Q

PDP equation

A

PDP = NP (nozzle pressure) + FL (friction loss)

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11
Q

Is the pressure required at the nozzle to deliver the fire stream and flow rate for which the nozzle was designed

A

Nozzle pressure

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12
Q

Smooth bore nozzles on a handline are normally flowed at a NP of _____.

A

50 psi

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13
Q

Some master stream smooth bore nozzles are rated less than

A

80 psi

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14
Q

Fog nozzles are generally rated at

A

100 psi

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15
Q

Three standard nozzle pressures, all of which are dictated by the type and the use of the nozzle, are generally sufficient for most fire ground operations

A

70 psi for all fog nozzles

50 psi for smooth bore handline nozzles

80 psi for smooth bore master stream nozzles

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16
Q

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body.

A

Newton third law of motion

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17
Q

Is the opposing reaction that occurs as water is expelled from the nozzle, or the force that pushes back on the firefighter when he or she flows water

A

Nozzle reaction

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18
Q

Calculating nozzle reaction should not be attempted at the fire scene but rather determined during

A

Training sessions

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19
Q

To calculate nozzle reaction in a smooth bore use the formula

A

NR = 1.5 x d2x np

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20
Q

To calculate nozzle reaction in a fog nozzle use the formula

A

NR= 0.0504 x gpm x NP

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21
Q

Is the volume of water moving through the nozzle during a specific time period; it is measured in units or gpms

A

Flow rate

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22
Q

Is the pressure lost from turbulence as water passes through pipes, hoses, fittings, adapters, and appliances

A

Friction loss

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23
Q

Friction loss formula

A

FL = C Q2 L

Friction Loss = FL Coefficient * Quantity = flow rate in hundreds of gpm (Flow /100) * Length of hose in hundreds

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24
Q

When flowing two identical lines that have the same nozzle pressure and flow and that are of equal size, length, and elevation, both lines require the same

A

Pressure

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25
Q

Under normal conditions you always fully open a valve to prevent excess turbulence and FL through the valve; however, partially closing a valve sometimes is necessary to prevent excessive pressure from being delivered. For those discharged requiring a lesser pressure, you must open the valve just enough to deliver the desired pressure, a practiced referred to as

A

Gating the valve

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26
Q

Calculations must be adjusted for the distance the nozzle is above or below the pump, which is referred to as

A

Elevation pressure

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27
Q

The pressure lost when the nozzle is above the pump is known as

A

Elevation loss

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28
Q

The pressure gained when the nozzle is below the pump is known as

A

Elevation gain

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29
Q

EP could be _____ if the nozzle and the pump are at the same elevation

A

Zero

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30
Q

Water exerts a pressure of _____ psi per 1 foot of water column

A

0.434 psi

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31
Q

A common application for this rule would be ____ per gain or loss for each floor of elevation change in a residential structure where floor spacing is commonly 10 ft

A

5 psi

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32
Q

Are devices that are used to connect and adapt hoses, and to direct and control water flow in various hose layouts

A

Appliances

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33
Q

Generally, the appliance FL is considered insignificant and maybe recorded as zero when water flows are less than

A

350 gpms

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34
Q

Allow ____ FL in appliances when the flow rate is 350 gpm or greater

A

10 psi

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35
Q

Allow ____ FL for all master stream appliances

A

25 psi

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36
Q

Fire streams of less than 350 gpm are generally considered

A

Handlines

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37
Q

Whereas fire streams of 350 gpm or greater are considered

A

Master streams

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38
Q

In your calculations, you should assume _____ of appliance loss for master streams and _____ of AL for handlines with a flow of 350 gpm or greater

A

25 psi

10 psi

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39
Q

Total pressure loss equation

A

TPL = (cxq2xL) + AL + EP

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40
Q

A _____ is a device that allows multiple hoselines to converge into one hoseline

A

Siamese connection

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41
Q

A _____ is used by fire departments that do not have large diameter hose and need to supply large amounts of water at a reasonable amount of pump pressure

A

Siamese connection

42
Q

Portable master stream devices such as a removable deck gun and the inlet of aerial water ways on squirts, quints, and ladder trucks may be supplied by a single LDH supply or a _____

A

Siamese connection

43
Q

The fire department connection on buildings with standpipe sprinkler systems will have a Siamese connection consisting of two _____ connections or one LDH

A

2 1/2 inch connections

44
Q

The three methods used to calculate the FL in the lines to the Siamese connections when the lines are of equal size and length are the ______

A

Split flow method

Coefficient method

Percentage method

45
Q

The term ______ refers to an aerial fire apparatus with a fixed water way attached to the underside of the ladder such that a water inlet at the base supplies a master stream device at the end

A

Prepiped elevated master stream

46
Q

The master stream device may have a ______ that places the nozzle on the bed section for rescue or on the fly section for water tower operations

A

Locking mechanism

47
Q

Unless the loss in the intake, piping, and nozzle has been established for the specific apparatus, you should assume a minimum of ______ FL for all master streams

A

25 psi FL

48
Q

It is extremely beneficial to predetermine pump discharge pressure for high rise structures to limit the amount of calculations needed on the fireground during excitement of an actual incident.as a general rule, you should not exceed a PDP of _____ unless you know the system is designed to handle the greater pressure required

A

200 psi

49
Q

The one pressure that you control from the pump panel is the ______ needed at any one discharge (regardless of the floor it’s on)

A

Highest pressure

50
Q

Any lower pressures needed at subsequent discharges will have to be controlled by a firefighter staged at the discharge valve of the _____ used

A

Standpipe riser

51
Q

A _____ is the vertical portion of the system piping within a building that delivers the water supply for fire hose connections, and sprinklers on combined systems, vertically from floor to floor.

A

Standpipe riser

52
Q

The use of the _______ will compensate for any discrepancies if calculations are off or circumstances have changed

A

In line gauge

53
Q

Use of an ____ is highly advantageous for standpipe operations

A

In line gauge

54
Q

If no preincident plan exists and the size of the riser is unknown, then it’s too late to try and measure this riser. Instead simply add ____ to account for stand pipe riser

A

25 psi

55
Q

Are installed on standpipe risers where static pressures exceed 175 psi per NFPA 13 standard for the installation of sprinkler systems.

A

Pressure regulating valves

56
Q

The height of a column of water above the discharge is known as

A

Head

57
Q

The pressure in that column of water is referred to as

A

Head pressure

58
Q

To determine head pressure, divide the height of the column in feet by ______

A

2.304

59
Q

Static sources such as lakes and streams require establishing a

A

Draft

60
Q

Dynamic sources such as hydrants or another fire apparatus are

A

Positive pressure sources

61
Q

Is the amount of pressure created by the pump after it receives water under pressure from a hydrant or another pump

A

Net pump discharge pressure NPDP

62
Q

Are more exact, generally require more mathematical skills, and take more time to compute.

A

Theoretical hydraulic calculations

63
Q

May be used on the fireground or for preincident planning purposes, such as determining the appropriate pump pressures for high risk or high hazard targets as well as buildings requiring complex hose layouts and standpipe systems

A

Theoretical hydraulic calculations

64
Q

Employ methods intended to estimate calculations more quickly due to the urgency of the incident

A

Fire ground hydraulics

65
Q

Firefighters often create a ___ of typical handline and master stream calculations for the hoses, nozzles, and devices specific to the fire apparatus within their department

A

Chart

66
Q

The _____ may consist of a sliding card or a slide rule

A

Manual hydraulic calculator

67
Q

Mounted calculators are seldom encountered today, where as the ______ type is quite common

A

Hand held type

68
Q

The hand held pocket size ________ allows you to calculate engine pressure, FL, application rate, and reaction force also know as normal reaction.

A

Electronic calculator

69
Q

The purpose of the _____ is to quickly determine the amount of FL per 100 ft

A

Hand method

70
Q

The ______ method determines FL in 21/2 in hose only and for flows of 160 gpms or greater

A

Subtract 10 method

71
Q

The ______ is a quick method calculating FL per 100 ft in 3 in. to 5in hoseline only. It is especially useful when the apparatus is part of the relay operation and is supplying another pumper.

A

Condensed Q method

72
Q

Because most fire departments use a supply line with a diameter in the range of 3 in to 5 in, the ______ is a quick and easy way to determine the PDP

A

Condensed Q method

73
Q

When developing a suppression strategy, there is no more useful tool than knowledge of the target structure and a well developed

A

Preincident plan

74
Q

To calculate the available water from a hydrant, use the

A

First digit method

75
Q

Fire service hydraulic calculations are used to determine the required _______ for fireground operations

A

Pump discharge pressure PDP

76
Q

The major variables are the many numerical values influencing

A

Calculations

77
Q

As the driver/operator, you must combine your knowledge of the specific equipment on your fire apparatus with the methodology underlying _____

A

Hydraulic theory

78
Q

Combination nozzles (fog nozzles) traditionally have a NP of _____ but come with different features that have varied NP levels.

A

100 psi

79
Q

Low pressure fog nozzles have a NP that varies from

A

50 to 75 psi

80
Q

Unless manufacturers instructions vary, limit nozzle pressure for smooth bore nozzles on elevated master streams to a maximum of

A

80 psi

81
Q

This calculation works for fog nozzles that are operating in a straight stream pattern only

A

NR= 0.0504 X GPM X NP

82
Q

Fog nozzles are designed with predetermined flow rates based on a set

A

NP

83
Q

Nozzle reactions for smooth bore nozzle and fog nozzles can be calculated, with each reaction expressed in terms of the _____ that the firefighter must overcome to control the nozzle

A

Pounds per force

84
Q

If you exceed 50 psi of FL per 100 ft of hose, then the flow may begin to decrease either from the increasing turbulence in the hose or from a reduction in the pump capacity owing to excessive

A

PDP

85
Q

In any pumping scenario, if appliances are used or elevation gain or loss is present, you must insert ________ into the FL formula

A

AL and EP appliance loss or elevation pressure

86
Q

A _____ is used to split a single line into two lines

A

Wye

87
Q

On the discharge side of the pump, this device may be used to bring two or three lines into one attack line, thereby reducing the FL in a long reach.

A

Siamese

88
Q

In the _______ , you divide the flow among the equally and calculate the pressure to supply one line because that pressure will support all lines.

A

Split flow method

89
Q

The ______ utilizes the fl equation with the appropriate coefficient for the lines entering the Siamese connection

A

Coefficient method

90
Q

In the _______, you calculate the total flow through one line.

A

Percentage method

91
Q

The FL in two hoselines will be 25 percent of the total flow through one hoseline, and the fl in three hoselines will be approximately 10 percent of the total flow through one hoseline.

A

Percentage method

92
Q

No single FL amount can be identified that will adequately encompass all prepiped elevated master streams devices; therefore it is imperative that each aerial device be tested for its unique amount of

A

FL friction loss

93
Q

In multistory buildings, the attack lines should be supplied from the floor below with an _______ on the standpipe outlet

A

In line gauge

94
Q

You may boost the pressure to the maximum design pressure; however, if calculations require a pressure lower than the system minimum, default to the design pressure so that the ______ can operate properly

A

PRV pressure reducing valve

95
Q

On the fireground, ________ are performed mentally

A

Theoretical calculations

96
Q

200 ft of 2 1/2 in hose with a 1 1/4 inch solid tip may require a pressure of _____ to achieve desired flow

A

90 psi

97
Q

Hydraulic calculators may be either

A

Manual or electronic

98
Q

______ offer a fire stream calculator on one side and a FL calculator on the other side

A

Slide rule hydraulic calculators

99
Q

Electronic calculators may be either

A

Mounted or hand held

100
Q

The hand method for 2 1/2 in hose works so nicely because the coefficient for 2 1/2 in hose is ____ when using imperial units

A

2

101
Q

The simplicity of this method is its strength; using this technique, you can determine FL in 2 1/2 in hose very quickly.

A

Subtract 10 method

Fire Appartus Driver Operator (18 decks)

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