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Archaeology > Chpt 1- Final > Flashcards

Chpt 1- Final Flashcards

1
Q

a uniquely human means of nonbiological adaptation, a repertoire of learned behaviors for coping with the physical and social environments

A

Culture

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2
Q

What are the three parts of culture?

A
  1. infrastructure
  2. superstructure
  3. structure
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3
Q

What are the three goals of Anthropology?

A
  1. holistic
  2. Global
  3. Comparative
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4
Q

what are the 4 subfields of Anthropology?

A
  1. Cultural Anthropology
  2. Biologicial Anthropology
  3. Linguistic Anthropology
  4. Archaeology
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5
Q

Fieldwork: participant observation, culture shock, ethnography & ethnology

A

Cultural Anthropology

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6
Q

Fieldwork: Human Biological variation, human evolution, primatology, human growth & development, and behavior, health & disease.

A

Biological Anthropology

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7
Q

Fieldwork: human linguistic variation, historical linguistics, evolution of language, ethnography of speech, socio-linguistics.

A

Linguistic Anthropology

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8
Q

Fieldwork: cultural history, reconstruct past life ways, study culture process, pattern of long term social change.

A

Anthropological Archaeology

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9
Q

The study of human past, combining the themes of time and change.

A

Archaeology

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10
Q

any object or item created or modified by human action

A

Artifact

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11
Q

a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. - Law of things on top

A

The Law of Superposition

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12
Q

Potassium-Argon Dating Potassium-Argon dating is the only viable technique for dating very old archaeological materials. Geologists have used this method to date rocks as much as 4 billion years old. It is based on the fact that some of the radioactive isotope of Potassium, Potassium-40 (K-40) ,decays to the gas Argon as Argon-40 (Ar-40). By comparing the proportion of K-40 to Ar-40 in a sample of volcanic rock, and knowing the decay rate of K-40, the date that the rock formed can be determined.

A

Potassium -Argon Dating
40-K/40AR
half life- that breaks down into Argon

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13
Q

term for any human or ape, past or present characterized by teeth shape, absence of tail, and free swinging arms.

A

Hominoid

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14
Q

term for human, chimpanzee, & gorilla members of primates, both fossils & living forms.

A

Hominin

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15
Q

Old term sometimes used for humans and bipedal ancestors

A

Hominid

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16
Q

What are the biological skeletal differences between a general quadruped and a hominin biped?

A

The skeletal is designed for upright walking.
They walk on two legs as opposed to 4.
The brain is larger, we have a pronounced nose, small flat teeth and lack the large pronouncing canines. we lack fur and have more sweat glands than hair follicles.

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17
Q

the characteristics of being human.

A

upright posture
larger brains
short and broad ilium on humans/ long and narrow on chimpanzee
the use of tools

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18
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

4.2 -2.8mya- Hadar Omo Laetoli(site)
Cranial Cap- 380-500cc/ average was 400cc
3’6 at 50lb for female/ 100lb for males
large teeth, pointed canines, hint of crest
long arms, short thumbs, curved fingers and toes-bipedal.

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19
Q

is relatively rare. This is the form of bipedalism that is assumed as a regular (i.e., habitual) means of locomotion. Today, only humans and birds demonstrate habitual bipedalism. However, many early hominins (i.e., a classification term that includes modern humans and all their bipedal fossil relatives) show a combination of characteristics that indicate both habitual bipedalism and some arboreal behavior.

A

Habitual Biped

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20
Q

Suspensory behavior, exhibited by primates and sloths, is a form of arboreal locomotion or a feeding behavior which involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among the branches, rather than moving or sitting on top of the branches.

A

Arboreal Behavior

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21
Q

a method of assigning archaeological dates in calendar years so that an age in actual number of years is know or can be estimated. allows us to speak about how long ago events took place.

A

absolute dating

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22
Q

allows us to establish sequence of events, but don’t permit us to speak of duration, so no superposition, or cross-dating, magnetic reversal

A

relative dating

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23
Q

the oldest fossils

A

ardipitheus

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24
Q

how do we date sediments containing fossils?

A

arcaheofaunal dating and chronological type artifacts

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25
Q

an absolute dating technique based on the principle of decay of the radioactive isotope of potassium, also know as potassium-argon dating.

A

radiopotassium dating

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26
Q

A type of stone artifact produced by removing a piece from a core through chipping.

A

Flake

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27
Q

The process of making chipped stone artifacts; the striking of stone with a hard or soft hammer.

A

Flintknapping

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28
Q

A large, teardrop-shaped stone tool bifacially flaked to a point at one end and a broader base at the other.

A

handaxe

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29
Q

The mineralized bone of an extinct animal.

A

Fossil

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30
Q

The human method of locomotion, walking on two legs.

A

Bipedalism

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31
Q

what was the first evidence of cultural behavior?

A

Stone tool use

32
Q

Oldest Stone tool was found where?

A

Gona River Region- Ethiopia- 2.6-2.5 mya

Dikika Site, a bone with a stone tool cut marks

33
Q

Flakes and cores are how old?

A

2.5mya

34
Q

the name given to the assemblages of early pebble tools and flakes belonging to the basal paleolithic, derived from Olduvai.

A

Oldowan 2.5-1.6mya

35
Q

how do you recognize tools?

A

by the way they are shaped, you could see that flakes were removed

36
Q

what were the tools used for?

A

cutting through skin of the animal, breaking things

37
Q

hard rock, doesn’t break easily- 1.66mya China

A

Hammer Stone

38
Q

were found in Kenya, 2.3 mya

A

Core & Flake tools

39
Q

1.8 may in Olduvai Gorge

A

Chopper Tool- they turn the stone over a few times, instead of just getting all of the flakes from one side.

40
Q

Found in Kenya, 1.6mya fossil of 10yr old or 12yrold

Homo-erectus aka Homoergaster. was one of the most complete fossil skeletons found. Cranial Cap was 800cc

A

Nariokotome Skeleton used to be known as the Turkana Boy

41
Q 
Trunk shape, Narrow hips, human like proportions,
Longer legs
Shorter arms
Straighter fingers
800 CC Cranial Capacity
allometric increase
 adult height was 6''1
A

Commitment to Terrestrial life

42
Q

many different species is known as what?

A

Bush evolution

43
Q

Found in Africa

A

Homo ergaster

44
Q

Found in Asia

A

Homo erectus

45
Q

Found in Europe

A

Homo antecesor

46
Q

A tool found 1.7mya, like a swiss army know, used for everything- cutting bone, leather, meat, digging…

A

Acheulean handaxe

47
Q

the oldest acheulean handaxes are found where?

A

Konso- gardula in ethiopia 1.9mya

48
Q

1.7mya, oldowan tools, highly variable were found in what site?

A

Dmanisi, Georgia

49
Q

170ft down to the bottom of the surface, large cave site,800kya, excavated in the 20’s, the presence of homo-erectus- 40 individuals were found,what site is this?

A

Zhoukoudian, China

50
Q 
Gran Dolena -780 kya
Flake retouch
Animal remains with cut marks
Pigs, deer, horses, bison
Skeletal remains with cut marks!
At least 6 individuals
A

Atapuerca, Spain

51
Q

400kya, wooden throwing spears, works a javalant, had group hunts, was a below a cold deposit.

A

Schoningen, Germany

52
Q 
1.8 mya to 600 kya
 65% of modern size
After 600 kya
 90% of modern
Brains are expensive
 2% of mass
20% of energy
A

Brain Size

53
Q 
Not cave 
Vertical shaft
13 m drop
32 individuals
 1390 cc largest
Culture? they had rituals
The red handaxe
A

Sima de los Huesos

54
Q 
0 greater than 35
 2 – age 26 - 34
 10 – age 20 – 25
 17 – age11 – 19
3 – age <10
A

Sima de los Huesos

55
Q 
Homo antecessor: 800kya
	Homo heidelbergensis: 500 kya
	Homo neanderthalensis:  250 kya
	What happens?
	Homo sapiens sapiens 45 kya
A

The Neanderthal Side Trip-European Hominins

56
Q

250 kya

mean 1620 cc cranial capacity

A

Homo neanderthalensis

57
Q

Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya used what kind of technique to carve their tools?

A

Levallois technique – Prepared Core

Tools made by flaking large flakes

58
Q

Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya the flakes become the basis of this tool.

A

Mousterian Tools

59
Q

Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya

Shanidar(iran) Cave – 80 kya

A

Burials site

60
Q

Homo neanderthalensis: 250 Kya

A

Language: with it you have efficient communication
Brain:
Anatomy:

61
Q

Culuturally modern defined by:

A
  1. infrastructure:base
    2.Structure: social pattern
  2. Superstructure: Ideology
    when all these aspects are clearly present thats when its behaviorally modern.
62
Q

Infrastructure has to do with what?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Technology
  3. Demogrpahy
63
Q

What is the spear thrower/ dart?

A

Atl.atl

64
Q

The technique used to move into new areas?

A

Punch blade -technology

65
Q

Evidence of clothes was found here?

A

Sungir,Russia 23,000BP

66
Q

Foraging societies had what 3 points?

A
  1. Low population density- 1 person/500km
  2. Small groups- 25 to 50 ppl in then settlement
  3. Birth spacing- 3-4 yrs apart/ used breast feeding as contraception
67
Q

How many foragers must stay in. Contact in order to be demographically viable?

A

500

68
Q

What was the kiln used for?

A

To make shapes

69
Q

Where did they find work groups?

A

Dolni vestonke, Czech Republic

70
Q

Where did they find amber beads, fur, marine shells

A

Mezirich, Ukraine

71
Q

Art work found all around Africa, Europe, Russia that were representation of the women?

A

Venus figurine - kostenki

72
Q

Requires micrograms of carbon

A

Accelerator dating

73
Q

Allows us to correct radio carbon dates?
Tree ring dating
Calibrated dates

A

Dendrochronology

74
Q

Where they found limestone cliffs

A

Dordogne region, France

75
Q

Where they found the sale des taureaux ( room of the bulls)

A

Lascaux 14,000bP

76
Q

What are the 5 punctuations?

A
  1. Initial bipedalism
  2. stone tool use
  3. Commitment to terrestrial life
  4. Increased brain size
  5. fully cultural

Archaeology (4 decks)

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