Arch Test 2 Flashcards
also known as the ice age, however there were many ice ages or glacial as they are known. It was the time of the Homo erectus.
Pleistocene
a cold episode of the Pleistocene in contrast to a warmer or interglacial period, also known as ice age.
Glacial
a subdivision of geological time, millions of years long representing units of eras.
Epoch
a warm period of the Pleistocene
Interglacial
During the 1800 two Swiss geologists identified 4 periods of glaciations in Europe, from a series of alpine deposits and river terraces.
A.Penck and E. Bruckner
Glacial stages named after local rivers in order from oldest to most recent-
the gunz, the mindel, the riss, and the wurm.
The intervening warm periods were?
gunz/mindel mindel/riss and riss/wurm
the expansion of continental glacial ice during a period of a cold climate.
Glaciation
one of several atomic states for an element.
Isotope stages: for the Pleistocene, alternations between warmer and cooler periods defined by isotopes have been numbered sequentially.
Isotope
the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen varying with the temperature of the water.
Oxygen Isotope Ratio
are accumulations of dirt and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier surface or have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. The dirt and rocks composing.
Moraines
1920- Serbian mathematician argued that variation in the earths orbit changed climate in a cyclical fashion.
Milankovitch
A term describing the phenomenon considered to be the prime reason for glacial fluctuations and climatic change.
Milankovitch Forcing
the interval that we presently occupy- aka postglacial or the present interglacial.
Holocene
Revealed a series of remarkable shrine and centers associated with large stone architecture. Major changes are taking place in the region before the domestication of plants and animals. Human society is undergoing a major transformation in economy, social relations, politics and religion. Revolution understanding of Eurasian Neolithic. Oldest Human made stone structure discovered and it was called first temple.
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
heavy chisel-like tool
Adze
the movement of carbon isotopes through the food chain. The differences in the types of plants consumed or the presence of marine foods in the diet will result in changes in the carbon isotope ratio.
The information used to estimate the diet of prehistoric human groups?
The carbon atoms in collagen occur in two major stable forms?
carbon -12 and carbon -13.
The ratios from vedbaek range from ?
13.4 to -15.3 and are close to values for historical Eskimo skeletal material.
Nitrogen isotope ratio is used for what?
to tell if they eat a lot of leguminous plants and trophic level.
vegetables used as food
Leguminous plants
an organism’s position in the food chain.
Trophic Level
provided for the protection of archaeological resources located on public lands and Indian lands?
1979- archaeologist resources protection act
the survey and or excavation of archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction and development.
Cultural resource management
was to be excavated before mining began, at carrier mills, Illinois dates back to middle archaic, 4000-3000 BC. A Cemetery was found with 154 burials from the middle archaic were found.
Black Earth Site
an accumulated pile of trash and waste materials near a dwelling or in other areas of archaeological sites. Three middens were found in the black earth site.
Midden
the items that are placed in graves to accompany the deceased.
Grave goods
Pre –Neolithic, in South Asia
Southwest Asia: The first evidence for plant domestication from anywhere in the world is found here. Reasonable amount of information available. Considered the cradle of western civilization. wild wheat and gazelle meat.
Ain Mallaha
the period just before agriculture, 11,000-9,000bc. It lies beside a natural spring on a hillside overlooking the swamps of lake Huleh in the upper Jordan valley of Israel. Population was estimated to be 200-300 people. carved limestone figures of human body face and tortoise found.
Ain Mallaha / natufian site
a mountainous region paralleling the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including parts of the countries of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.
Levant
a bowl shaped grinding tool, used with a wood or stone pestle for grinding various metals.
Mortar
a stone-grinding surface for preparing grains and other plant foods and for grinding other materials.
Quern
one of several pieces of small to medium swift and graceful antelopes native to Asia and Africa.
Gazelle
a small weight attached to fishing nets.
Net-sinker
a tool for cutting the stalks of cereals, especially wheat. Prehistoric sickles were usually stone blades set in a wood or antler handle.
Sickle
Two kinds of burials were found at Ain Mallaha:
- Individual interments including child and infant burials beneath stone slabs under the house floor. 2. Collective burial in pits, either intact or as secondary reburials after soft tissue had disappeared.
when did the appearance of the first farmers in Southwest Asia happen?
at the end of the Pleistocene.
an upland zone in Southwest Asia that runs from the Levant to the Zagros Mountains.
Fertile Crescent
the classic region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is too dry for farming unless some form of irrigation is used.
Mesopotamia
way of obtaining food that involves domesticated plants and animals.
Agriculture
changes physical characteristics of plants or animals involved, oak tree(not domesticated).
Domestication
what are the 4 principles of agriculture?
Propagation, husbandry, harvesting, and storage
selection and sowing of seeds and breeding of animals.
Propagation
tending of plants or animals during growth period.
Husbandry
plants or slaughtering animals
Harvesting
seeds and maintenance of animals through non-productive periods for reproduction.
Storage
the human manipulation or fostering of a plant species (usually wild) to enhance or ensure production.
Cultivation
circumstance in which plants, animals and humans would have clustered in confined area near water.
Oasis Hypothesis
earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors should have lived.
Natural Habitat Hypothesis
The origin of agriculture was not a tortuous discovery but a last resort.
Population pressure hypothesis
the theory that the need for more food was initially felt at the margins of the natural of the ancestors of domesticated plants and animals.
Edge Hypothesis
the theory that domestication allowed certain individuals to accumulate food surplus and to transform those foods into more valued items such as rare stones, metals and even social alliances.
Social Hypothesis
living in a permanent year-round context such as a village
Sedentism
cradle of western civilization, earliest evidence for plant domestication of anywhere in the world is found there.
Southwest Asia
most important staple for half of the population today. Supplies 20% of the total calories consumed worldwide.
Rice
small edible fruit from asian tree
jujube
the region consisting of central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, el Salvador and the western parts of Honduras and Nicaragua.
Mesoamerica
the changing availability of resources according to the different seasons of the year.
seasonality
the process of arranging the extractions of resources according to their availability and the demands of completing substance activity.
scheduling
a wild grass with edible seeds
setaria
a mechanism by which seeds of a plant are dispersed naturally.
shattering
: a tall annual grass native to Mexico and Central America closest relative to maiz.
Teosinte
a mound composed of mud bricks and refuse, accumulated as a result of human activity.
Tell
a technique for the recovery of plant remains from archaeological sites. Sediments or pit contents are poured into water or heavy liquid; the lighter, carbonized plant remains float to the tope for recovery, while the heavier sediments and other materials fall to the bottom.
Flotation
the study of plant remains from archaeological sites
Archaeobotany
the stem that holds seeds to the stalk in wheat and other plants.
Rachis
the tough seed cover of many cereal kernels
Glume
the study of animal remains from archaeological sites
Archaeozoology
translucent, gray-to black or green, glass like rock from molten to sand.
Obsidian
11,000-10,000BP
located in Syria, one of the largest post glacial communities in South west Asia. has tells , largest community of its day. houses were rectangular with mud brick walls.
Abu Hureyra
rachis of a seed is brittle, to allow natural seed dispersal by shattering and the glumes covering the seeds are tough, to protect the grain until the next growing season.
Wild wheat
tough rachis and brittle glume.
Domesticated wheat
4 Major Criteria used to look for domesticate?
geographical evidence, abundance, morphological changes, and herd demographics.
the study of animal species outside their natural habitat and presumes human involvement.
Environment change dramatically so geography is a difficult criteria to use.
Geographical Evidence
increase in abundance of species in the layers at a site is often taken to indicate domestication.
Abundance
show change in size and body that provide direct evidence for domestication.
Morphological Changes
used to document early animal domestication.
Domesticated species are generally smaller than their ancestors.
Herd demographics
the process of transferring the young from the dependence on its mother’s milk to other forms of nourishment.
Weaning
the suppression of ovulation and menstruation during breast-feeding.
Lactational amenorrhea
a fence of posts or stakes erected around a settlement for defensive purposes.
palisade
a circular feature demarcated by large upright timbers, probably used by prehistoric groups as astronomical observatories.
woodhenge
the time of year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator, occurring about june 21 and december 22
Solstice
a collection of articles, often buried in or associated with constructed features, that has been deliberately stored for future use.
cache
a recurring thematic design element in a art style.
motif
a vault or building where human remains are stored.
charnel house.
the study of artistic representations or icons that usually have religious or ceremonial significance.
iconography
social status and prestige attributed to an individual according to skills
achieved status
social status and prestige attributed to an individual at birth.
ascribed status.
a clear polish that forms along the edges of the flakes and blades that are used to cut reeds, grass, wheat, and other long-stemmed plants.
sickle polish
a grave that does not contain a skeleton
cenotaph
inequality in human society in which certain individuals or groups have access to more resources, power and roles that others.
status differentiation
a large stone monument
megalith
a large standing stone, found either alone or collectively in lines.
menhir
a monument defined by the presence of an enclosure, usually made by a circular ditch and bank system up to 500m in diameter.
henge
a generic term for a megalithic tomb or chamber with a roof.
dolmen
a megalithic tomb entered via a long, low, narrow passage that opens into a wider room, generally near the center of the structure.
passage grave
a megalithic tomb lacking an entrance passage;the burial room or rooms form the entire internal structure.
gallery grave
an earthen mound covering a burial
barrow
a massive stone lintel
trilithon
what site functioned as part of an observatory to record the summer solstice?
Stonehenge
Ain Mallaha is located where in present-day?
Israel
he proposal that the earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived is referred to as the
Natural Habitat hypothesis
The earliest known domesticated cereal, rye, dates to?
10,000BC
A study of the bones of gazelles, goats, and sheep at Abu Hureyra revealed that?
goats and sheep were domesticated around 7,500 B.C.
Structures at Çatalhöyük were used for?
- burials
- houses
- shrines
- storages
Abu Hureyra contained both Natufian and Neolithic deposits.
True
what are 4 changes that take place?
- Glacial retreat
- sea level rise
- vegetation change
- faunal change
what are the material conditions?
environment
technology
population demography
Environment changes have to do with what?
Pollen analysis(palynology)
Migration of forest species
End of the tundra herds
migration of forest species includes what 3 parts?
pioneers
diplacers
climax
the willow, alder, birch
they had rapid migration-seed dispersal
poor soils
Pioneers
oak, elm, linden
heavier crown-shade out
displacers
spruce, hemlock, beech
chemical warfare
climax
solitary animals replace herd animals red deer, boar, aroch. Fish, fowl, and nuts
End of the tundra herds
what did they use for technology?
bow and arrow, yew wood, transverse arrowhead, 60pound pull
could only be used once because they are made of stone and they will shatter after they hit a tree.
transverse arrowhead
6,800BP, it was a permanent site, they found 23 burials there.
Vedbaek, Denmark
9,500BP, they had a lot of tuna, they fished of the coast. they had abundance of food.
Franchthi, Greece
11,000BP know as a camp, hunting camp
Star Carr, England
9,000BP, not a year round site
Mount Sandel, Ireland
which site may have had a population of several thousand?
Poverty point
used as mechanisms for exchange?
Hopewell peace pipes
People first occupied the American Southwest around?
9000BC
Permanent settlements of the large, hunter-gatherer community at Ozette were possible because residents could rely on what?
abundant marine resources.
what are 3 ways archaeology gets done in North America?
amateurs
university research
Cultural resource
these people have some interest in archaeology, but do it more as a hobby.
Amateurs
students who go out and study a specific region(which they choose) usually paid for by grants.
University Research
one of the earliest skulls found in North America, 7500BC in the colombia river, wa. he is from the east asian population.
Kennewick Man
use to tell characteristic of the environment?and an ex is: the abundance of nuts.
seasonality
characteristic of a society to be where food is abundant seasonal rounds.
scheduling
getting food had to do with what 2 things?
Technology & Environment
used to catch geese(water fowl) set at the edge of the wetland.
nets
what makes food abundant?
Technology
Exploration of a wide range of plant and animal resources characteristic of many hunter gather societies that preceded the shift to agriculture.
Broad Spectrum Adaptation
-Earliest known Neolithic village. 9500 BP - 500 ppl lived in the same site houses are square, not round with a back storage room for dead bodies. domesticated wheat
Jericho
regional figure found among tribal horticulturalist and pastoralist. occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs.
Big Man
in between tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.
Chiefdom
where do we find contemporary foragers today?
Australian Aboringines
Inuit(eskimo)
Kalahari San
what were 3 characteristics seen through the coping with abundance?
mobility
fission/fusion
bilateral kinship
Move to seasonally abundance food
Mobility
able to adjust group size to food abundance
settle disputes by leaving a group, they would split apart so that they were able to find food.
fission/fusion
two sides, both mother and father which made it easy to move to new group.
Bilateral Kinship
a site that had a lot of salmon, they would filet them, put them over wood fire and dry them in order to preserve them.
Colombia River, Washington
another site with abundance of food, they had fish, tubers, and water fowl. 3500 BC/ 200 meters across. people were sedentary, no burials, no agriculture, and no domesticated animals.
Bayou Macon, Louisiana
this site had an acorn storage pit made of stone 3ftx3ft used to preserve the acorns. they also had shell midden. and it was 15,000ya
this site was sedentary, they stayed near the coast.
Jomon, Japan (hunters & Gathers)
this site had wild wheat fields, not a habitation site, no domesticated plants or animals. 11,500BCE
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
a kind of sculpture in which shapes are carved so that they are only slightly higher than the flat background.
Ba Relief
the sunrise marks a special time of year, it was used to create a calendar.
Winter Solstice
Supersite, 1650 -750 BCE, it was 3 quarters of a mile and located in North Eastern Louisiana. Main complex is a six concentric earthern ridges form semicircle, post molds, very little pottery found but thousands of small baked clay artifacts.
Poverty Point
occupied after the close of the pleistocene
mesolithic Denmark/ Scandinavia
important archaeological site of mesolithic graveyard, contains graves of 22 males and females, shows permanent settlements. Flint knives and two zones found.
Vedbaek, Denmark
was marked by a grover of birch trees, found in the vedbaek area, small specialized camp for mesolithic inhabitants whose permanent homes were along the shore line.
Vaengetnord
composed of organic and mineral compounds and water
human bone
more common in corn and ocean
Carbon-13
focus on organic portion primarily in form of protein collagen
isotopic studies of composition of bone
90% of diet was marine food
greenland eskimo
more positive value than -20 indicate what?
a predominance of marine food in human diet
nitrogen used in paleo diet studies uses? variation in nitrogen isotope, largely due to the role of leguminous plants and the trophic level of organisms.
mass spectrometer
in usa, return to similar grounds annually, first crop grown were gourds and used as containers.
archaic hunter and gathers
100BCE-400AD
exchange system for goods and information
Model of a big house found, places where rituals took place. alliances of group, mutual dependence among moleties.
Hopewell, Newark Ohio
the high and lowest in the worlds are found here. the fertile crescent is also found here.
Southwest Asia
measures the reaction of carbon isotope, used in the dating of domestication of plants by using remains such as seeds.
(AMS) Accelerator mass spectrum
seeds you plant for the next year
seed corn
this was a tell site, 9250 BP, spring located on a hillside(permanent) population of 5,000, they have 4 walls and no doors, shelves and storage area where grain is kept. domesticated wheat & barley, but wild cattle. house floors used for burials. no inequality
Catalhoyuk, Turkey
art work of vultures in this specific area signified death in the catalhoyuk?
the west wall
art work of bulls in this specific area signified fertility and birth in the catalhoyuk?
the east wall
what were the social strategies used to solve problems?
Kinship
household
workgroups
community
What mediates between the base and ideology because they’re not in agreement?
Structure
Political complexity is broken up into what 4 parts?
Part of structure
Mediates conflict
Infrastructure
Superstructure
Political change is seen through what?
Foragers
Villagers
Chiefdom
States
What are the questions that organize the lectures?
How do humans adjust to the end of ice age How do they live in temperate forests How do foragers cope with abundant food How do recognize agriculture Sedentism Social inequality emerge
Ecological meddling, modifying the environment to habitat.
Cultivation
Genetic meddling, evidence of genetic change, human reproduction
Domestication
