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Archaeology > Arch Test 2 > Flashcards

Arch Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

also known as the ice age, however there were many ice ages or glacial as they are known. It was the time of the Homo erectus.

A

Pleistocene

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2
Q

a cold episode of the Pleistocene in contrast to a warmer or interglacial period, also known as ice age.

A

Glacial

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3
Q

a subdivision of geological time, millions of years long representing units of eras.

A

Epoch

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4
Q

a warm period of the Pleistocene

A

Interglacial

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5
Q

During the 1800 two Swiss geologists identified 4 periods of glaciations in Europe, from a series of alpine deposits and river terraces.

A

A.Penck and E. Bruckner

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6
Q

Glacial stages named after local rivers in order from oldest to most recent-

A

the gunz, the mindel, the riss, and the wurm.

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7
Q

The intervening warm periods were?

A

gunz/mindel mindel/riss and riss/wurm

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8
Q

the expansion of continental glacial ice during a period of a cold climate.

A

Glaciation

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9
Q

one of several atomic states for an element.
Isotope stages: for the Pleistocene, alternations between warmer and cooler periods defined by isotopes have been numbered sequentially.

A

Isotope

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10
Q

the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen varying with the temperature of the water.

A

Oxygen Isotope Ratio

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11
Q

are accumulations of dirt and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier surface or have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. The dirt and rocks composing.

A

Moraines

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12
Q

1920- Serbian mathematician argued that variation in the earths orbit changed climate in a cyclical fashion.

A

Milankovitch

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13
Q

A term describing the phenomenon considered to be the prime reason for glacial fluctuations and climatic change.

A

Milankovitch Forcing

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14
Q

the interval that we presently occupy- aka postglacial or the present interglacial.

A

Holocene

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15
Q

Revealed a series of remarkable shrine and centers associated with large stone architecture. Major changes are taking place in the region before the domestication of plants and animals. Human society is undergoing a major transformation in economy, social relations, politics and religion. Revolution understanding of Eurasian Neolithic. Oldest Human made stone structure discovered and it was called first temple.

A

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey

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16
Q

heavy chisel-like tool

A

Adze

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17
Q

the movement of carbon isotopes through the food chain. The differences in the types of plants consumed or the presence of marine foods in the diet will result in changes in the carbon isotope ratio.

A

The information used to estimate the diet of prehistoric human groups?

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18
Q

The carbon atoms in collagen occur in two major stable forms?

A

carbon -12 and carbon -13.

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19
Q

The ratios from vedbaek range from ?

A

13.4 to -15.3 and are close to values for historical Eskimo skeletal material.

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20
Q

Nitrogen isotope ratio is used for what?

A

to tell if they eat a lot of leguminous plants and trophic level.

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21
Q

vegetables used as food

A

Leguminous plants

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22
Q

an organism’s position in the food chain.

A

Trophic Level

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23
Q

provided for the protection of archaeological resources located on public lands and Indian lands?

A

1979- archaeologist resources protection act

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24
Q

the survey and or excavation of archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction and development.

A

Cultural resource management

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25
Q

was to be excavated before mining began, at carrier mills, Illinois dates back to middle archaic, 4000-3000 BC. A Cemetery was found with 154 burials from the middle archaic were found.

A

Black Earth Site

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26
Q

an accumulated pile of trash and waste materials near a dwelling or in other areas of archaeological sites. Three middens were found in the black earth site.

A

Midden

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27
Q

the items that are placed in graves to accompany the deceased.

A

Grave goods

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28
Q

Pre –Neolithic, in South Asia
Southwest Asia: The first evidence for plant domestication from anywhere in the world is found here. Reasonable amount of information available. Considered the cradle of western civilization. wild wheat and gazelle meat.

A

Ain Mallaha

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29
Q

the period just before agriculture, 11,000-9,000bc. It lies beside a natural spring on a hillside overlooking the swamps of lake Huleh in the upper Jordan valley of Israel. Population was estimated to be 200-300 people. carved limestone figures of human body face and tortoise found.

A

Ain Mallaha / natufian site

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30
Q

a mountainous region paralleling the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including parts of the countries of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.

A

Levant

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31
Q

a bowl shaped grinding tool, used with a wood or stone pestle for grinding various metals.

A

Mortar

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32
Q

a stone-grinding surface for preparing grains and other plant foods and for grinding other materials.

A

Quern

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33
Q

one of several pieces of small to medium swift and graceful antelopes native to Asia and Africa.

A

Gazelle

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34
Q

a small weight attached to fishing nets.

A

Net-sinker

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35
Q

a tool for cutting the stalks of cereals, especially wheat. Prehistoric sickles were usually stone blades set in a wood or antler handle.

A

Sickle

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36
Q

Two kinds of burials were found at Ain Mallaha:

A
  1. Individual interments including child and infant burials beneath stone slabs under the house floor. 2. Collective burial in pits, either intact or as secondary reburials after soft tissue had disappeared.
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37
Q

when did the appearance of the first farmers in Southwest Asia happen?

A

at the end of the Pleistocene.

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38
Q

an upland zone in Southwest Asia that runs from the Levant to the Zagros Mountains.

A

Fertile Crescent

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39
Q

the classic region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is too dry for farming unless some form of irrigation is used.

A

Mesopotamia

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40
Q

way of obtaining food that involves domesticated plants and animals.

A

Agriculture

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41
Q

changes physical characteristics of plants or animals involved, oak tree(not domesticated).

A

Domestication

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42
Q

what are the 4 principles of agriculture?

A

Propagation, husbandry, harvesting, and storage

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43
Q

selection and sowing of seeds and breeding of animals.

A

Propagation

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44
Q

tending of plants or animals during growth period.

A

Husbandry

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45
Q

plants or slaughtering animals

A

Harvesting

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46
Q

seeds and maintenance of animals through non-productive periods for reproduction.

A

Storage

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47
Q

the human manipulation or fostering of a plant species (usually wild) to enhance or ensure production.

A

Cultivation

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48
Q

circumstance in which plants, animals and humans would have clustered in confined area near water.

A

Oasis Hypothesis

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49
Q

earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors should have lived.

A

Natural Habitat Hypothesis

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50
Q

The origin of agriculture was not a tortuous discovery but a last resort.

A

Population pressure hypothesis

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51
Q

the theory that the need for more food was initially felt at the margins of the natural of the ancestors of domesticated plants and animals.

A

Edge Hypothesis

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52
Q

the theory that domestication allowed certain individuals to accumulate food surplus and to transform those foods into more valued items such as rare stones, metals and even social alliances.

A

Social Hypothesis

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53
Q

living in a permanent year-round context such as a village

A

Sedentism

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54
Q

cradle of western civilization, earliest evidence for plant domestication of anywhere in the world is found there.

A

Southwest Asia

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55
Q

most important staple for half of the population today. Supplies 20% of the total calories consumed worldwide.

A

Rice

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56
Q

small edible fruit from asian tree

A

jujube

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57
Q

the region consisting of central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, el Salvador and the western parts of Honduras and Nicaragua.

A

Mesoamerica

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58
Q

the changing availability of resources according to the different seasons of the year.

A

seasonality

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59
Q

the process of arranging the extractions of resources according to their availability and the demands of completing substance activity.

A

scheduling

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60
Q

a wild grass with edible seeds

A

setaria

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61
Q

a mechanism by which seeds of a plant are dispersed naturally.

A

shattering

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62
Q

: a tall annual grass native to Mexico and Central America closest relative to maiz.

A

Teosinte

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63
Q

a mound composed of mud bricks and refuse, accumulated as a result of human activity.

A

Tell

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64
Q

a technique for the recovery of plant remains from archaeological sites. Sediments or pit contents are poured into water or heavy liquid; the lighter, carbonized plant remains float to the tope for recovery, while the heavier sediments and other materials fall to the bottom.

A

Flotation

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65
Q

the study of plant remains from archaeological sites

A

Archaeobotany

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66
Q

the stem that holds seeds to the stalk in wheat and other plants.

A

Rachis

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67
Q

the tough seed cover of many cereal kernels

A

Glume

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68
Q

the study of animal remains from archaeological sites

A

Archaeozoology

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69
Q

translucent, gray-to black or green, glass like rock from molten to sand.

A

Obsidian

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70
Q

11,000-10,000BP
located in Syria, one of the largest post glacial communities in South west Asia. has tells , largest community of its day. houses were rectangular with mud brick walls.

A

Abu Hureyra

71
Q

rachis of a seed is brittle, to allow natural seed dispersal by shattering and the glumes covering the seeds are tough, to protect the grain until the next growing season.

A

Wild wheat

72
Q

tough rachis and brittle glume.

A

Domesticated wheat

73
Q

4 Major Criteria used to look for domesticate?

A

geographical evidence, abundance, morphological changes, and herd demographics.

74
Q

the study of animal species outside their natural habitat and presumes human involvement.
Environment change dramatically so geography is a difficult criteria to use.

A

Geographical Evidence

75
Q

increase in abundance of species in the layers at a site is often taken to indicate domestication.

A

Abundance

76
Q

show change in size and body that provide direct evidence for domestication.

A

Morphological Changes

77
Q

used to document early animal domestication.

Domesticated species are generally smaller than their ancestors.

A

Herd demographics

78
Q

the process of transferring the young from the dependence on its mother’s milk to other forms of nourishment.

A

Weaning

79
Q

the suppression of ovulation and menstruation during breast-feeding.

A

Lactational amenorrhea

80
Q

a fence of posts or stakes erected around a settlement for defensive purposes.

A

palisade

81
Q

a circular feature demarcated by large upright timbers, probably used by prehistoric groups as astronomical observatories.

A

woodhenge

82
Q

the time of year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator, occurring about june 21 and december 22

A

Solstice

83
Q

a collection of articles, often buried in or associated with constructed features, that has been deliberately stored for future use.

A

cache

84
Q

a recurring thematic design element in a art style.

A

motif

85
Q

a vault or building where human remains are stored.

A

charnel house.

86
Q

the study of artistic representations or icons that usually have religious or ceremonial significance.

A

iconography

87
Q

social status and prestige attributed to an individual according to skills

A

achieved status

88
Q

social status and prestige attributed to an individual at birth.

A

ascribed status.

89
Q

a clear polish that forms along the edges of the flakes and blades that are used to cut reeds, grass, wheat, and other long-stemmed plants.

A

sickle polish

90
Q

a grave that does not contain a skeleton

A

cenotaph

91
Q

inequality in human society in which certain individuals or groups have access to more resources, power and roles that others.

A

status differentiation

92
Q

a large stone monument

A

megalith

93
Q

a large standing stone, found either alone or collectively in lines.

A

menhir

94
Q

a monument defined by the presence of an enclosure, usually made by a circular ditch and bank system up to 500m in diameter.

A

henge

95
Q

a generic term for a megalithic tomb or chamber with a roof.

A

dolmen

96
Q

a megalithic tomb entered via a long, low, narrow passage that opens into a wider room, generally near the center of the structure.

A

passage grave

97
Q

a megalithic tomb lacking an entrance passage;the burial room or rooms form the entire internal structure.

A

gallery grave

98
Q

an earthen mound covering a burial

A

barrow

99
Q

a massive stone lintel

A

trilithon

100
Q

what site functioned as part of an observatory to record the summer solstice?

A

Stonehenge

101
Q

Ain Mallaha is located where in present-day?

A

Israel

102
Q

he proposal that the earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived is referred to as the

A

Natural Habitat hypothesis

103
Q

The earliest known domesticated cereal, rye, dates to?

A

10,000BC

104
Q

A study of the bones of gazelles, goats, and sheep at Abu Hureyra revealed that?

A

goats and sheep were domesticated around 7,500 B.C.

105
Q

Structures at Çatalhöyük were used for?

A
  1. burials
  2. houses
  3. shrines
  4. storages
106
Q

Abu Hureyra contained both Natufian and Neolithic deposits.

A

True

107
Q

what are 4 changes that take place?

A
  1. Glacial retreat
  2. sea level rise
  3. vegetation change
  4. faunal change
108
Q

what are the material conditions?

A

environment
technology
population demography

109
Q

Environment changes have to do with what?

A

Pollen analysis(palynology)
Migration of forest species
End of the tundra herds

110
Q

migration of forest species includes what 3 parts?

A

pioneers
diplacers
climax

111
Q

the willow, alder, birch
they had rapid migration-seed dispersal
poor soils

A

Pioneers

112
Q

oak, elm, linden

heavier crown-shade out

A

displacers

113
Q

spruce, hemlock, beech

chemical warfare

A

climax

114
Q

solitary animals replace herd animals red deer, boar, aroch. Fish, fowl, and nuts

A

End of the tundra herds

115
Q

what did they use for technology?

A

bow and arrow, yew wood, transverse arrowhead, 60pound pull

116
Q

could only be used once because they are made of stone and they will shatter after they hit a tree.

A

transverse arrowhead

117
Q

6,800BP, it was a permanent site, they found 23 burials there.

A

Vedbaek, Denmark

118
Q

9,500BP, they had a lot of tuna, they fished of the coast. they had abundance of food.

A

Franchthi, Greece

119
Q

11,000BP know as a camp, hunting camp

A

Star Carr, England

120
Q

9,000BP, not a year round site

A

Mount Sandel, Ireland

121
Q

which site may have had a population of several thousand?

A

Poverty point

122
Q

used as mechanisms for exchange?

A

Hopewell peace pipes

123
Q

People first occupied the American Southwest around?

A

9000BC

124
Q

Permanent settlements of the large, hunter-gatherer community at Ozette were possible because residents could rely on what?

A

abundant marine resources.

125
Q

what are 3 ways archaeology gets done in North America?

A

amateurs
university research
Cultural resource

126
Q

these people have some interest in archaeology, but do it more as a hobby.

A

Amateurs

127
Q

students who go out and study a specific region(which they choose) usually paid for by grants.

A

University Research

128
Q

one of the earliest skulls found in North America, 7500BC in the colombia river, wa. he is from the east asian population.

A

Kennewick Man

129
Q

use to tell characteristic of the environment?and an ex is: the abundance of nuts.

A

seasonality

130
Q

characteristic of a society to be where food is abundant seasonal rounds.

A

scheduling

131
Q

getting food had to do with what 2 things?

A

Technology & Environment

132
Q

used to catch geese(water fowl) set at the edge of the wetland.

A

nets

133
Q

what makes food abundant?

A

Technology

134
Q

Exploration of a wide range of plant and animal resources characteristic of many hunter gather societies that preceded the shift to agriculture.

A

Broad Spectrum Adaptation

135
Q 
-Earliest known Neolithic village.
9500 BP
- 500 ppl lived in the same site
houses are square, not round with a back  storage room for dead bodies. 
domesticated wheat
A

Jericho

136
Q

regional figure found among tribal horticulturalist and pastoralist. occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs.

A

Big Man

137
Q

in between tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.

A

Chiefdom

138
Q

where do we find contemporary foragers today?

A

Australian Aboringines
Inuit(eskimo)
Kalahari San

139
Q

what were 3 characteristics seen through the coping with abundance?

A

mobility
fission/fusion
bilateral kinship

140
Q

Move to seasonally abundance food

A

Mobility

141
Q

able to adjust group size to food abundance

settle disputes by leaving a group, they would split apart so that they were able to find food.

A

fission/fusion

142
Q

two sides, both mother and father which made it easy to move to new group.

A

Bilateral Kinship

143
Q

a site that had a lot of salmon, they would filet them, put them over wood fire and dry them in order to preserve them.

A

Colombia River, Washington

144
Q

another site with abundance of food, they had fish, tubers, and water fowl. 3500 BC/ 200 meters across. people were sedentary, no burials, no agriculture, and no domesticated animals.

A

Bayou Macon, Louisiana

145
Q

this site had an acorn storage pit made of stone 3ftx3ft used to preserve the acorns. they also had shell midden. and it was 15,000ya
this site was sedentary, they stayed near the coast.

A

Jomon, Japan (hunters & Gathers)

146
Q

this site had wild wheat fields, not a habitation site, no domesticated plants or animals. 11,500BCE

A

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey

147
Q

a kind of sculpture in which shapes are carved so that they are only slightly higher than the flat background.

A

Ba Relief

148
Q

the sunrise marks a special time of year, it was used to create a calendar.

A

Winter Solstice

149
Q

Supersite, 1650 -750 BCE, it was 3 quarters of a mile and located in North Eastern Louisiana. Main complex is a six concentric earthern ridges form semicircle, post molds, very little pottery found but thousands of small baked clay artifacts.

A

Poverty Point

150
Q

occupied after the close of the pleistocene

A

mesolithic Denmark/ Scandinavia

151
Q

important archaeological site of mesolithic graveyard, contains graves of 22 males and females, shows permanent settlements. Flint knives and two zones found.

A

Vedbaek, Denmark

152
Q

was marked by a grover of birch trees, found in the vedbaek area, small specialized camp for mesolithic inhabitants whose permanent homes were along the shore line.

A

Vaengetnord

153
Q

composed of organic and mineral compounds and water

A

human bone

154
Q

more common in corn and ocean

A

Carbon-13

155
Q

focus on organic portion primarily in form of protein collagen

A

isotopic studies of composition of bone

156
Q

90% of diet was marine food

A

greenland eskimo

157
Q

more positive value than -20 indicate what?

A

a predominance of marine food in human diet

158
Q

nitrogen used in paleo diet studies uses? variation in nitrogen isotope, largely due to the role of leguminous plants and the trophic level of organisms.

A

mass spectrometer

159
Q

in usa, return to similar grounds annually, first crop grown were gourds and used as containers.

A

archaic hunter and gathers

160
Q

100BCE-400AD
exchange system for goods and information
Model of a big house found, places where rituals took place. alliances of group, mutual dependence among moleties.

A

Hopewell, Newark Ohio

161
Q

the high and lowest in the worlds are found here. the fertile crescent is also found here.

A

Southwest Asia

162
Q

measures the reaction of carbon isotope, used in the dating of domestication of plants by using remains such as seeds.

A

(AMS) Accelerator mass spectrum

163
Q

seeds you plant for the next year

A

seed corn

164
Q

this was a tell site, 9250 BP, spring located on a hillside(permanent) population of 5,000, they have 4 walls and no doors, shelves and storage area where grain is kept. domesticated wheat & barley, but wild cattle. house floors used for burials. no inequality

A

Catalhoyuk, Turkey

165
Q

art work of vultures in this specific area signified death in the catalhoyuk?

A

the west wall

166
Q

art work of bulls in this specific area signified fertility and birth in the catalhoyuk?

A

the east wall

167
Q

what were the social strategies used to solve problems?

A

Kinship
household
workgroups
community

168
Q

What mediates between the base and ideology because they’re not in agreement?

A

Structure

169
Q

Political complexity is broken up into what 4 parts?

A

Part of structure
Mediates conflict
Infrastructure
Superstructure

170
Q

Political change is seen through what?

A

Foragers
Villagers
Chiefdom
States

171
Q

What are the questions that organize the lectures?

A 
How do humans adjust to the end of ice age 
How do they live in temperate forests
How do foragers cope with abundant food 
How do recognize agriculture
Sedentism
Social inequality emerge
172
Q

Ecological meddling, modifying the environment to habitat.

A

Cultivation

173
Q

Genetic meddling, evidence of genetic change, human reproduction

A

Domestication

Archaeology (4 decks)

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