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Archaeology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of human past, combining the themes of time and change.

A

Archaeology

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2
Q

a subdivision of geological time,millions of years long, representing units of an era.

A

Epoch

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3
Q

a uniquely human means of nonbiological adaptation, a repertoire of learned behaviors for coping with the physical and social environments

A

culture

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4
Q

the process of change over time resulting from shifting conditions of the physical and cultural environments, involving mechanisms of mutation and natural selection

A

Evolution

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5
Q

the study of the biological nature of our nearest relatives and ourselves.

A

Biological anthropology

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6
Q

the stud of living people and shared aspects of human experience.

A

cultural anthropology

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7
Q

investigation that seek to answer fundamental questions about humans and human behavior

A

anthropological archaeology(prehistory)

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8
Q

archaeology in combinations with the written record.

A

historical archaeology

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9
Q

any object or item created or modified by human action

A

artifact

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10
Q

the search for archaeological sites in the landscape through surveys and excavations.

A

fieldwork

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11
Q

the accumulation of artifacts and or ecofacts, representing a place where people lived or carried out certain activities

A

Site

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12
Q

a systematic search of the landscape for artifacts and sites on the ground through aerial photography, field walking, soil analysis, and geophysical prospecting.

A

Survey

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13
Q

the exposure and recording of buried materials from the past.

A

excavation

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14
Q

an instrument for remote sensing or prospecting for buried structures using radar maps of subsoil features.

A

ground-penetrating radar (GPR or geodar)

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15
Q

Activities of plants and animals in the earth, disturbance of archaeological materials.

A

bioturbation

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16
Q

a computerized surveying and mapping instrument that uses a laser beam or radio waves to measure the distance and angle between the instrument and the target and then calculates the exact position of the target.

A

total station

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17
Q

the body of material and information that survives for archaeologists to study.

A

archaeological record

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18
Q

the association and relationships between archaeological objects that are in the same place.

A

context

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19
Q

an object found where it was originally located in antiquity, not redeposited.

A

primary context

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20
Q

the place of origin for archaeological materials, including location, association, and context

A

provenience

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21
Q

Any of the remains of plants, animals, sediments, or other unmodified materials that result from human activity.

A

Ecofact

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22
Q

an immovable structure or layer, pit, or post in the ground having archaeological significance.

A

feature

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23
Q

the study of human cultures through firsthand observation

A

ethnography

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24
Q

the combination of knowledge and manufacturing techniques that enables people to convert raw materials into finished products.

A

technology

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25
Q

the management and organization of the affairs of a group, community, or establishment to ensure their survival and productivity.

A

economy

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26
Q

the arrangemetns between individuals and groups in human society that structure relationships and activities.

A

organization

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27
Q

A term that refers to societies lacking clearly defined status differences between individuals, except for those due to sex, age or skill.

A

egalitarian

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28
Q

a relationship of inequality between members of society in which status is determined by kinship relations of birth order and lineage.

A

rank

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29
Q

a relationship of inequality between members of society in which status is determined by membership in a level or class.

A

Class

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30
Q

referring to societies that have a graded order of inequality in ranks, statuses, or decision making

A

hierarchical

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31
Q

a conceptual framework by which people structure their ideas about the order of the universe, their place that universes, and their relationship among themselves and with objects and other forms of life around them.

A

ideology

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32
Q

the worldview of a group or society, encompassing their understanding of the universe, their origins and existence, and nature

A

cosmology

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33
Q

a written or painted symbol that more or less portrays the represented object.

A

pictograph

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34
Q

a drawing tha has been carved into rock

A

petroglyph

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35
Q

an anthropological term for a spiritualist, curer, or seer.

A

shaman

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36
Q

an alliance or association among some members of a society, often based on age and sex, a specific function.

A

sodality

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37
Q

Archaeological investigations that seek to answer fundamental questions about humans and human behavior.

A

Anthropological Archaeology

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38
Q

What is the name of the current geological era?

A

Cenozoic (comprised of 4 epochs)

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39
Q

what is the name of the current geological epoch?

A

Holocene

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40
Q

Archaeologist rely on information from who, prior to starting work?

A

maps
local amateur archaeologist
written materials
historical societies

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41
Q

systematic search of the landscape for artifacts and sites.

A

Archaeological Survey

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42
Q

what do archaeologist do once a site has been located?

A

dig test pits or bore for samples of sediments before

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43
Q

what is done when a site is threatened by modern construction?

A

a rescue excavation

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44
Q

what are types of informations derived from fieldwork?

A

artifacts
ecofacts
features
sites

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45
Q

what are the 4 subfields of anthropology?

A
  1. Cultural Anthropology
  2. Biologicial Anthropology
  3. Linguistic Anthropology
  4. Archaeology
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46
Q

Fieldwork: participant observation, culture shock, ethnography & ethnology

A

Cultural Anthropology

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47
Q

Fieldwork: Human Biological variation, human evolution, primatology, human growth & development, and behavior, health & disease.

A

Biological Anthropology

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48
Q

Fieldwork: human linguistic variation, historical linguistics, evolution of language, ethnography of speech, socio-linguistics.

A

Linguistic Anthropology

49
Q

This maps the relationship and change in languages through time?

A

Historical Linguistic

50
Q

Fieldwork: cultural history, reconstruct past life ways, study culture process, pattern of long term social change.

A

Anthropological Archaeology

51
Q

A behavior that is learned and shared?

A

Culture

52
Q

Culture is?

A

a way of thinking
ways of feeling
way of acting

53
Q

this means “to circumnavigate humankind”- Eric Wolf

A

The goal of anthropology

54
Q

the study of all dimensions of human behavior.

A

Holistic

55
Q

the study of all forms of human society.

A

Global

56
Q

the study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them.

A

Ethnology

57
Q

The earliest human ancestors are now thought to be how old?

A

6 million years ago

58
Q

The first tools and other artifacts date back to when?

A

2.6 mya

59
Q

the order of animals that includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans. we are part of it because we have grasping hands, flexible limbs, and highly developed sense of vision.

A

primate

60
Q

the taxonomic group that includes the human and ape members of the primates, both fossil and modern forms we are part of it because of our teeth, the absence of a tail and swinging arms.

A

hominoidea

61
Q

When did the first primates exist?

A

65mya at the beginning of the ceozoic geological era.

62
Q

how do archaeologist study culture?

A

through fieldwork, they use participant observation, the observe members of a society and attempt to participate in that society.

63
Q

what are the 3 parts of culture?

A
  1. infrastructure
  2. superstructure
  3. structure
64
Q

who was the first hominin discovered?

A

Lucy, female-small in stature, small brain and about 20yrs old when she died.

65
Q

Base or physical world you live in, the material conditions of social life.

A

infrastructure

66
Q

Ideology, the way you explain the social world to yourself. understanding of the world. The system of meaning.

A

Superstructure

67
Q

The pattern of social life, societies are made up with patterns and expectations.

A

Structure

68
Q

The first intact skull was discovered when and where?

A

In 1994 in the Hadar Region, known as the Australopithecus Afarensis- dating to 3mya. It confirmed the upright posture.

69
Q

having more than one mate

A

polygynous

70
Q

what are the 3 distinctions of being human?

A
  1. upright posture
  2. a large brain
  3. tool use
71
Q

the first period of human prehistory, extending from the time of the first tools, more than 2.5mya, until the end of the pleistocene, 10kya.

A

Paleolithic

72
Q

the period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery.

A

Neolithic

73
Q

a cold episode of the pleistocene, also called an ice age.

A

glacial

74
Q

a warm period of the pleistocene

A

interglacial

75
Q

the expansion of continental glacial ice during a period of cold climate.

A

glaciation

76
Q

the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen in ocean water, varying with the temperature of the water.

A

oxygen isotope ratio

77
Q

a term describing the phenomenon considered to be the prime reason for glacial fluctuations and climate change.

A

Milakovitch forcing

78
Q

term for any human or ape, past or present characterized by teeth shape, absence of tail, and free swinging arms.

A

Hominoid

79
Q

term for human, chimpanzee, & gorilla members of primates, both fossils & living forms.

A

Hominin

80
Q

Old term sometimes used for humans and bipedal ancestors

A

Hominid

81
Q

The oldest fossils

A

adipitheus

82
Q

allow us to establish sequence of events

A

relative dates

83
Q

a large, tear drop shaped stone tool bifacially flaked to a point at one end and a broader base at the other.

A

handaxe

84
Q

a manufacturing process involving the removal (as opposed to the addition) of materials from a core that becomes the finished product

A

reduction technique

85
Q

a major archaeological culture of the lower paleolithic, named after the st. Achel in France.

A

Acheulean

86
Q

a percussion technique for making stone tools by striking one stone, or core, with another stone or hammer

A

hard-hammer technique

87
Q

a flintknapping technique that involves the use of a hammer of bone, antler, or wood, rather than stone.

A

soft-hammer technique

88
Q

a tool with a broad leading edge.

A

cleaver

89
Q

a stone tool with right-angle edges used for planing and engraving.

A

burin

90
Q

a term used for assemblages from the lower paleolithic, lacking handles and characterized by large flakes with heavy retouching and notches.

A

Clactonian

91
Q

a trace left on bone by a stone or metal tool used in butchering a carcass,

A

cutmark

92
Q

when did the first primates appear?

A

65mya

93
Q

The first early group to leave Africa?

A

Homo erectus

94
Q

where was the first family discovered?

A

Hadar

95
Q

The half-life of potassium-argon is?

A

1.3 Billion years

96
Q

Fossilized footprints dating to 3.6 m.y.a. were found at

A

laetoli

97
Q

One of the most prominent features at Swartkrans is the presence of

A

Breccia

98
Q

The Leakey family is most closely associated with which of the following sites?

A

Olduavi

99
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops would best be classified as

A

Hominin

100
Q

What is the name of the famous prehistoric site in East Africa where the Zinj specimen was discovered in 1959?

A

Olduavi

101
Q

When did the first human ancestors appear outside of Africa?

A

about 2mya

102
Q

The stone tools typically associated with Homo erectus are referred to as

A

Lower Paleolithic

103
Q

Eugene Dubois discovered Homo erectus specimens in

A

Java

104
Q

The most recent glacial stage is known as the

A

Wurm

105
Q

Where are the hominid fossil Zhoukoudian remains today?

A

Lost while being transported from china to US

106
Q

Why did human ancestors settle in Asia long before settling in Europe?

A

Europe may have been too cold

107
Q

The earliest site in Europe dates to

A

1.2 mya

108
Q

Sima de los Huesos and Gran Dolina are layers from which important site?

A

Atapuerca

109
Q

Acheulean handaxes were basically used for

A

Cutting, sawing, digging, bashing

110
Q

The brain size of Homo erectus was approximately?

A

1000cc

111
Q

Homo heidelbergensis is the designation used for early occupants of?

A

Europe

112
Q

Individuals were intentionally placed here after they died.

A

in Sima de los Huesos at Atapuerca

113
Q

The name given to the assemblages of early pebble tools and flakes belonging to the Basal Paleo lithic, derived from Olduvai.

A

Oldowan

114
Q

An absolute dating technique based on the principle of decay of the radioactive isotope of potassium, 40K. Also called potassium-argon dating.

A

Radiopotassium dating

115
Q

In archaeology, a manufacturing process involving the removal (as opposed to the addition) of materials from a core that becomes the finished product.

A

reduction technique

116
Q

A technique used to estimate the antiquity of archaeological materials, generally based on association with materials of known age or simply to say that one item is younger or older than another.

A

relative dating

117
Q

The similarities and differences

A

Comparative

118
Q

what are the three goals of anthropology?

A
  1. holistic
  2. Globla
  3. Comparative

Archaeology (4 decks)

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