Arch Test 3 Flashcards
Primary characteristics of civilization
economic, organizational and demographic in nature and suggest fundamental changes in societal structure.
established the largest pre-Colombian empire in the Americas did not have a formal writing system in the traditional sense.
Inca
played a very strong organizational role in both Native American and early Chinese civilization.
Kinship
approaches emphasize coordination and regulation roles of emergent institutions.
Integrative
theories stress the role of developing state in the resolution of intra-societal conflicts that emerge from disparities in wealth.
Coercive
What can greatly influence demographic change?
Political and economic strategies
the process or act of being enclosed by either environmental boundaries. Such as mountains, oceans, and rivers, or social boundaries, such as neighboring groups of people.
Circumscription
term used to describe an effect or process resulting from human activity. The creation of pasture from forest through intentional burning is an example. At times, human abandonment of a site or area also can set off environmental changes
Anthropogenic
generally linked with economic transitions in exchange and production.As societies increase in size and organizational complexity, the mechanisms of exchange also shift from face-to face contracts to tribute and marketing.
Rise of Hierarchical Polities
the flat plain between the Tigris and Euphrates river in southern Iraq where the world’s first civilization developed. The temple institution became a key focus. They received goods through tribute and then redistributed a portion of them back, the Mesoamerican temples did not.
Mesopotamia
the site with the earliest Mesopotamian temple established by the end of the 6th millennium BC.
Eridu
Mesopotamian center situated amid a network of ancient canals not far from the Euphrates River.
Uruk
what was a key feature of early Mesopotamian civilization?
Large-scale canal irrigation
Harappa and Mheniodaro, South Asian sites are known for their highly developed craft industries. Indus centers had centralized drainage network for individual houses.
Indus Civilization
a major settlement along the Nile whose occupation largely predates the unification of northern and southern Egypt.
Heirakonpolis
a later funerary complex, located close to the ancient capital in Memphis. Some pharos constructed some of the world’s largest pyramids here.
Giza
important node in long-distance trade between the sahara and gold-producing areas to the south during the first millennium A.D.
Jenne-jeno
hard, brown-orange earthenware clay of fine quality often used for architectural decoration, figurines and so on.
Terracotta
rose in Cambodia after 800 ad, the largest most centralized of south Asian polities.
Akankor State
the rulers of Akankor
Chamer
emphasized their divine monarchy and concentrated the wealth and luxury in their hands.
KMR Kinship
known as a ceremonial center in Mesopotamia. They had mud-brick dwellings that have been rebuilt over 50-75 years; some are as tall as 165ft above the surrounding terrain. Ancient irrigation canals also cover the landscape of southwest Asia. One of the first communities to emerge from the primeval sea.
Eridu
Irrigation
The Tigris and Euphrates River provide the water that makes irrigation. Mesopotamian farmers using irrigation can cultivate a variety of crops, including wheat, barely, dates, lentils, olives and oranges and onions. There were also abundant fish in the river.
a new style of painted pottery around 5500bc replacing the monochrome wares that had been made previously
Halafan
: the development of the temple institution and spread of canal irrigation were key features during this time. This period was identified by a widespread of monochrome pottery. Ceramics were made on a slow turning potters wheel.
Ubaid Period
one color, describing pottery decorated with only one color that contrasts with the underlying color of the paste of the vessel.
Monocrhome
a demographic and political core of Southwest Asia for most of the next 400 years.
Sumer
: ancient Mesopotamian rounds structures that often were attached to a rectangular antechamber or annex, resulting in a keyhole shape.
Tholoi
A piece of inscribed stone used by administrators to impress a symbol on wet pieces of clay or bitumen in order to keep track of goods.
Seal Stamp
the ancient practice of seeking knowledge by reading cracks on bones. Symbols were written on an animal’s scapula, the bone was heated until a series of cracks formed; then diviners interpreted the pattern of cracking to foretell the future.
Scapulimancy
a soft stone with a soapy feel that is easy to carve, often referred to as
Soapstone
a hollow clay sphere or envelope used to enclose clay tokens in ancient Mesopotamia.
Bulla
a writing system of ancient Mesopotamia involving a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey a message or text.
Cuneiform
Chinese fleet commander commanded 62 massive sailing vessels with 100 smaller boats taking 30k ppl on a voyage from china to Bengal India. Brought the giraffe back from India, which originally came from Kenya, Africa. He opened an era of pan continental exchange. It diminished shortly after because the Ming dynasty practiced isolationism.
Zheng-he
the interconnectedness of national economies and social networks around the world.
Globalization
In the later Mesopotamia these were the largest and most impressive buildings.
Temples
What created unequal land values, usually the elite got more?
Canal Construction
becomes the central economic force, they are Mesopotamian largest buildings and based on economic and religious functions. They then become redistributive center for agriculture, produce and craft goods.
Temple
a large pyramid in Mesopotamia consisting of many stepped levels. House of mountain was here and the mountain had great religious significance.
Ziggurat
this text tells us that the laws of the gods were unchanging and people were governed by gods’ decision.
the third millennium
4100-3100BC had a giant stepped pyramid the anu ziggurat. Residential were made of white washed mud bricks, rectangular houses built along narrow, winding streets.
Uruk
the officially recognized gods of a people
Pantheon
a type of farming on which the ground cleared by cutting and burning the vegetation on the spot. The burned vegetation serves as natural fertilizer the field is farmed until yields decrease. A Cyclical process of field clearing, cultivation and abandonment.
Slash & Burn
strategically situated to control major inland trade routes emerged as the largest and most important early classic city in the Maya region. First ruling dynasty included several female rulers. mid 500ad lost its power to calakmul, in AD695 jasaw chan k’awiil defeated calakmul and Tikal became very powerful again.
Tikal Site
the study of inscriptions, demonstrated that Mayan society was not egalitarian but it hierarchically organized.
Epigraphy
the classic Maya system of dating that records the total number of days elapsed from an initial date in the distant past, the system is based on multiples of 20. Also coincides with the Maya classic period.
Long count
a set of Maya hieroglyphics, generally each emblem glyph is specific to a Maya city.
Emblem Glyph
a horizontal beam of wood or stone that supports the wall above a door way or window.
Lin Tel
an architectural feature frequently carved with glyphs and figures that is placed atop Mesoamerican temples
Roof Comb
dedicated to jasaw chan k’awiil the 1st
temple 1
the Mayan word for a raised causeway constructed of stone blocks and paved with gravel and plaster
Sacbe
Tikal declining by construction slow down 534-692ad monuments erection practically ceased.
Hiatus
an agricultural field created by swamp drainage or landfill operation along the edges of lakes.
Chinampas
: a tree that grows abundantly in the tropical forest of the maya lowlands and bears an edible fruit, also called breadnut.
Ramon
a stone coffin, usually decorated with sculpture and or inscriptions.
Sacrophagus
: side looking airborne radar, used to locate huge areas of suspected raised field complexes.
Slar
the classic center at the edge of Maya low lands. Situated on a series of hills overlooking the vast gulf coast plane in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. During Pakals rule, Palenque grew in size and expanded its authority over neighboring regions. Lord Pakal was buried in an elaborate tomb beneath the pyramid that supports the temple of inscriptions. He was kinich kan balam 11 his son took over after his father. It was one of the earliest Mayan centers to experience collapse.
Palenque
a small former dependency of Palenque, displayed its own emblem glyph in 771AD suggesting it had achieved independence.
Pomona
who divided their realms into 4 quarters. Each quarter was associated with a specific color?
The Maya and many other native groups in the Americas
who placed the maps consistently placed East at the top of the map suggesting that east was the most dominant direction.
Mayan
when does writing appear?
Early Mesoamerican writing appeared more than 200 years ago.
what are the 4 different pre Hispanic Mesoamerican writing systems?
The Maya
The Sapotec
The mixtec
The Aztec
these were prepared on bark paper or deerskin.
Mixtec & Aztec
these were inscriptions on carved stone.
sapotec
folding books, pottery, wall painting, and large stones. Best known and most deciphered.
mayan system
how were the hieroglyphics read?
from left to right and top to bottom.
written or painted symbol portrays the represented object.
pictograph
written symbol that represent an abstract idea rather than the sound of a word or the pictorial symbol of an object.
Ideograph
pertaining to the sounds of speech
phonetic
what is the smallest long count unit?
the day or kin
20 kins is equal to?
Unial
the 3rd unit consists of what?
18 unials or 360 kin
18 months of 20 days each, an extra period of 5 days was added to the end of the year.
365 day vague year
how do maya view time?
In cyclical fashion
capital city of the toltecs, it lacks any evidence of urban planning outside its civic ceremonial core.
Major structures include two large ball courts:
Tula
a carved human figure serving as a support column.
altantean column
a white sedimentary stone were made at the site.
They also had obsidian
Travertine
a plant that can be grown there and is a main source of fiber. Used this to create clothes through the spindling
Maguey
where is Chichen Itza:
MEXCO
first) mayan architecutal style, identified by a mosaic of limestone masonry.
Puuc Style
when did the 2nd happen?
In the 10th century ad a second more opulent construction boom began growing chichen itza to its maximum size.
: a life-size stone figure in a reclining position, with flexed legs and head raised and turned to one side.
Chac Mool
an art structure of masonry that forms a ceiling or roof. It was a Mayan technique.
Vaults
blue pigment made by fusing an extract from the plant indigo with fine white clay. Applied this to ceramics, sculptures and murals.
Maya Blue
who discovered the inca?
Francisco Pizarro discovered the incas
giant centralized political domain, Inca empire
Tawantinsauyu
is the capital of the polity/ seat of the original state
Cuzco
the highest rank leader, son of the deity I nti (son god)
Inca
the leader, who fought with his brother.
Atauhulpa
Inca leader who created the greatest Inca civilization.
Pachakuti
1st Inca ruler
Mancocacap
was the important Inca structure in Cuzco
Temple of the sun
a decorative band or feature, commonly ornamented with sculpture, usually nears the top of the wall
Frieze
the ceremonial core of here could only be entered through a stone gateway.
Machupichu
a large stone pillar thought to have had ceremonial function
Intihuatana
the study of ancient alignments and other aspects of the archaeological record.
Archao- astronomy
a roadside lodging and storage place, along the Inca road system. They were roughly one day’s walk apart.
Tampu
used to move government messengers, armies, royal litters or state trade caravans. The system stretched along the pacific coast of South America from Ecuador into Chile and northwestern Argentina.
Inca Roads
a provincial outpost of the Inca. Located in central Peru between Cuzco and Quito. Mimic imperial Inca traditions found at Cuzco.
Huancuo Pampa
a subdivision of the Inca empire that was used for administrative purposes consisting of 1000 taxpayers. Most frequently used.
Waranqa
based on multiples of 10
subdivisions
Andean recording device that uses nodded strings in a positional decimal system
Quipu
system of colonization used by Inca to minimize provincial rebellion by moving people around to break up dissident groups.
Mitmaq
how was the state was able to cement symbolic ties between the Inca and conquered people.
through control and manipulation of textile
South America beer made from corn.
Chicha
Had smaller political system
had bigger markets
mesoamerica
large political system
better relation with neighbors
smaller markets, bigger storage house and ruled by divine right
Inca
the hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste, or class:
Social Stratification
princess burial from the Iron Age
Vix
Iron age divide into two phases?
hallstatt and La tene
earlier period 800-500BC centered in Austria, southern Germany and Czech republic. Salt and Iron mine led to the economic boom.
Hallstatt
followed hallstatt, found in eastern France, Switzerland, southern Germany and Czech republic.
La tene
a large metal vessel for mixing and storing wine
Krater
directly above the grave at Vix, one of the major political and commercial centers of late Hallstatt Europe.
Mont Lassois
from northern Europe, the most preserved prehistoric bodies. Found in northern Germany.
Bog people
used to preserve the skin of the bog bodies, used to tan a hide
Tannic acid
a bog person from Iron Age Denmark
Tollund
the excavation of trenches and squares across manmade layers to expose a cross section of the deposits and reveal the sequence and methods of construction.
Stratigraphic section
a term describing complex defenses of multiple ditches and ramparts at large Iron Age hill forts.
Multivallate
excavated part of the site of Maiden Castle. He was a major figure in the British archaeology, highly respected for both the quality of his work and his concern.
Sir Mortimer Wheeler
What were civilizations made up of?
Urban Centers Monumental Architecture Intensive Agriculture Full-time Craft Specialists Metallurgy State Writing
what was the base made up of?
Irrigation & Storage
what was the structure made up of?
craft groups-classes
social stratification
redistribution
centralized bureaucratic structure
what was the ideology?
hierarchical religion
ecclesiastical
what were the classes?
non-kin social groups
State-level of political organization–A hierarchical bureaucratic form of government– 3 tiers of control
Civilization
what was the writing used for?
record keeping- economic
propaganda- Myth
what was one type of writing used?
Sumerian Cuneiform- 300BC
what did the intensive agriculture have to do with?
Maya Raised Fields
what did political evolution have to do with?
part of structure,
mediates conflict of infrastructure and superstructure
How was the political evolution set up?
Foragers-Headless Villagers-Headmen Bigman Chiefdoms- Chief States- King
what was writing seen as?
a representation of language and it could be read.
what are some of the Mesopotamian Cuneiform writings that are found?
Code of Hammurabi
Epic of Gilgamesh
Olmec Ambassador monument.
What are empires made up of?
Militarism-Professional Army
Transportation Systems- Ships and Roads
Ethnicity- Subordinate Conquered Social Groups
what do empires look like?
Territorially Expansive
Incorporative States
State Control over other Polities States, Chiefdoms, Village Societies
what are the 2 topics that empire deals with?
Conquest and Social Product
what is conquest made up of?
Core- receives social product.
Periphery-provides social product.
social product
bulk food, preciosities, slaves -labor in the core, soldiers in the periphery.
AD 1440 – 1532 (Spanish Conquest)
Incan Empire
capital city – seat of original state. 2600 miles along empire along the spine of the Andes. they had Imperial capital defensive wall.
Cuzco
Civilizers of savage and chaotic world.
Incan Ideology
what was beyond the periphery?
the Roman empire
what were written records viewed as?
Artifacts, culturally produced by certain people for certain people.
what is one of the items that is traded in the European empire time?
beaver skin Trade
What are the 3 colonial New England Periods?
Yeoman Period
Folk Period
Georgian Period
1630(boston)1649 Cromwells victory. 50K immigrants
Yeoman Period
1650-1760, English interest in Sugar Trade. Caribbean focus.
Folk Period
1760-1820, British Pursuit of New England Markets
Georgian Period
Colonial New England changed from Medieval group orientation to what?
renaissance individualistic Symmetrical
The archaeology of European expansion and its impact on indigenous societies.An archaeology of European Empires and the way they have changed the world.
Historical Archaeology- James Deetz
Who did research in common ground, south Carolina?
Leland Ferguson
What was the historical archaeology of the common grounds?
Rice plantations, cluster of african style houses, near rice paddies, grew food on own, hunted with guns, share of product collected annually.
What site tracks the development of slavery and race in the 17th century in Virginia? Also Tobacco Economy and colonware
Flowered Hundred- James River, Virginia
Where is the center of the North American Slave Trade?
New York, african burial ground in Manhattan. Recovers the presence of slavery in NYC 1690-1794
what is the bio-archaeology found at the African Burial Site?
Arthritis and Mortality
what are the cultural aspects found there?
african beads
not just spatial location- a spot with memories and expectations, Heritage
Place
the memories and expectations associated with a social identity.
Heritage
ex: Hill of Tara, Ireland
goal to preserve places associated with violations of civil and human rights.
Sites of Conscience
World Heritage SitesArchaeological Conservancy
UNESCO
what are three laws that helped preserve heritage and place?
- Antiquities Act 1906
- Archaeological Resources Protection Act
- NAGPRA 1990
Antiquities Act
any government property
Archaeological Resources protection act?
any federal or federally licensed project needed to evaluate archaeological impacts.
NAGPRA
any skeleton or grave goods belongs to descendant population.
a particular form of culture, one pattern of culture having a # of characteristics
Civilization
non-residental architecture structure
monumental
central organization
state
A structure in the north with a keyhole entry way. They were built in T shapes platforms, had a temple where they stored seed, weeds, and barely for the next years.
Tholi
what are the times of the Maya?
pre- classic 0AD- 300
classic 300-900
fall of maya 900
post classic 950-1520
stone monument of representation of leader/priest king
stela
glyph
hieroglyphics writing
which site is known as the iron age site?
Vix site
what are some of the Empires?
spanish Portuguese british Dutch french swedish
Empires from 1500’s
Africa S. Africa East Asia S. America Central America/ caribbean North America Australia
what items become trade items in the European empire?
coffee, tea, tobacco, and oatmeal. Europeans got the oatmeal from S. Asia
artifacts, not neutral objective documents they have a bias.
Historic documents
not imported ceramics, they were locally made. African made ceramics used in african houses.
colonware
instrument played for the kings, symbol of resistance / independence.
Harp
they are kept in existence to remind people about where civil rights and human rights came from.
Sites of conscience
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNESCO
