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Archaeology > Arch Test 3 > Flashcards

Arch Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary characteristics of civilization

A

economic, organizational and demographic in nature and suggest fundamental changes in societal structure.

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2
Q

established the largest pre-Colombian empire in the Americas did not have a formal writing system in the traditional sense.

A

Inca

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3
Q

played a very strong organizational role in both Native American and early Chinese civilization.

A

Kinship

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4
Q

approaches emphasize coordination and regulation roles of emergent institutions.

A

Integrative

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5
Q

theories stress the role of developing state in the resolution of intra-societal conflicts that emerge from disparities in wealth.

A

Coercive

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6
Q

What can greatly influence demographic change?

A

Political and economic strategies

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7
Q

the process or act of being enclosed by either environmental boundaries. Such as mountains, oceans, and rivers, or social boundaries, such as neighboring groups of people.

A

Circumscription

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8
Q

term used to describe an effect or process resulting from human activity. The creation of pasture from forest through intentional burning is an example. At times, human abandonment of a site or area also can set off environmental changes

A

Anthropogenic

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9
Q

generally linked with economic transitions in exchange and production.As societies increase in size and organizational complexity, the mechanisms of exchange also shift from face-to face contracts to tribute and marketing.

A

Rise of Hierarchical Polities

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10
Q

the flat plain between the Tigris and Euphrates river in southern Iraq where the world’s first civilization developed. The temple institution became a key focus. They received goods through tribute and then redistributed a portion of them back, the Mesoamerican temples did not.

A

Mesopotamia

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11
Q

the site with the earliest Mesopotamian temple established by the end of the 6th millennium BC.

A

Eridu

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12
Q

Mesopotamian center situated amid a network of ancient canals not far from the Euphrates River.

A

Uruk

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13
Q

what was a key feature of early Mesopotamian civilization?

A

Large-scale canal irrigation

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14
Q

Harappa and Mheniodaro, South Asian sites are known for their highly developed craft industries. Indus centers had centralized drainage network for individual houses.

A

Indus Civilization

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15
Q

a major settlement along the Nile whose occupation largely predates the unification of northern and southern Egypt.

A

Heirakonpolis

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16
Q

a later funerary complex, located close to the ancient capital in Memphis. Some pharos constructed some of the world’s largest pyramids here.

A

Giza

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17
Q

important node in long-distance trade between the sahara and gold-producing areas to the south during the first millennium A.D.

A

Jenne-jeno

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18
Q

hard, brown-orange earthenware clay of fine quality often used for architectural decoration, figurines and so on.

A

Terracotta

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19
Q

rose in Cambodia after 800 ad, the largest most centralized of south Asian polities.

A

Akankor State

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20
Q

the rulers of Akankor

A

Chamer

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21
Q

emphasized their divine monarchy and concentrated the wealth and luxury in their hands.

A

KMR Kinship

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22
Q

known as a ceremonial center in Mesopotamia. They had mud-brick dwellings that have been rebuilt over 50-75 years; some are as tall as 165ft above the surrounding terrain. Ancient irrigation canals also cover the landscape of southwest Asia. One of the first communities to emerge from the primeval sea.

A

Eridu

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23
Q

Irrigation

A

The Tigris and Euphrates River provide the water that makes irrigation. Mesopotamian farmers using irrigation can cultivate a variety of crops, including wheat, barely, dates, lentils, olives and oranges and onions. There were also abundant fish in the river.

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24
Q

a new style of painted pottery around 5500bc replacing the monochrome wares that had been made previously

A

Halafan

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25
Q

: the development of the temple institution and spread of canal irrigation were key features during this time. This period was identified by a widespread of monochrome pottery. Ceramics were made on a slow turning potters wheel.

A

Ubaid Period

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26
Q

one color, describing pottery decorated with only one color that contrasts with the underlying color of the paste of the vessel.

A

Monocrhome

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27
Q

a demographic and political core of Southwest Asia for most of the next 400 years.

A

Sumer

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28
Q

: ancient Mesopotamian rounds structures that often were attached to a rectangular antechamber or annex, resulting in a keyhole shape.

A

Tholoi

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29
Q

A piece of inscribed stone used by administrators to impress a symbol on wet pieces of clay or bitumen in order to keep track of goods.

A

Seal Stamp

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30
Q

the ancient practice of seeking knowledge by reading cracks on bones. Symbols were written on an animal’s scapula, the bone was heated until a series of cracks formed; then diviners interpreted the pattern of cracking to foretell the future.

A

Scapulimancy

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31
Q

a soft stone with a soapy feel that is easy to carve, often referred to as

A

Soapstone

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32
Q

a hollow clay sphere or envelope used to enclose clay tokens in ancient Mesopotamia.

A

Bulla

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33
Q

a writing system of ancient Mesopotamia involving a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey a message or text.

A

Cuneiform

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34
Q

Chinese fleet commander commanded 62 massive sailing vessels with 100 smaller boats taking 30k ppl on a voyage from china to Bengal India. Brought the giraffe back from India, which originally came from Kenya, Africa. He opened an era of pan continental exchange. It diminished shortly after because the Ming dynasty practiced isolationism.

A

Zheng-he

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35
Q

the interconnectedness of national economies and social networks around the world.

A

Globalization

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36
Q

In the later Mesopotamia these were the largest and most impressive buildings.

A

Temples

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37
Q

What created unequal land values, usually the elite got more?

A

Canal Construction

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38
Q

becomes the central economic force, they are Mesopotamian largest buildings and based on economic and religious functions. They then become redistributive center for agriculture, produce and craft goods.

A

Temple

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39
Q

a large pyramid in Mesopotamia consisting of many stepped levels. House of mountain was here and the mountain had great religious significance.

A

Ziggurat

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40
Q

this text tells us that the laws of the gods were unchanging and people were governed by gods’ decision.

A

the third millennium

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41
Q

4100-3100BC had a giant stepped pyramid the anu ziggurat. Residential were made of white washed mud bricks, rectangular houses built along narrow, winding streets.

A

Uruk

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42
Q

the officially recognized gods of a people

A

Pantheon

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43
Q

a type of farming on which the ground cleared by cutting and burning the vegetation on the spot. The burned vegetation serves as natural fertilizer the field is farmed until yields decrease. A Cyclical process of field clearing, cultivation and abandonment.

A

Slash & Burn

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44
Q

strategically situated to control major inland trade routes emerged as the largest and most important early classic city in the Maya region. First ruling dynasty included several female rulers. mid 500ad lost its power to calakmul, in AD695 jasaw chan k’awiil defeated calakmul and Tikal became very powerful again.

A

Tikal Site

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45
Q

the study of inscriptions, demonstrated that Mayan society was not egalitarian but it hierarchically organized.

A

Epigraphy

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46
Q

the classic Maya system of dating that records the total number of days elapsed from an initial date in the distant past, the system is based on multiples of 20. Also coincides with the Maya classic period.

A

Long count

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47
Q

a set of Maya hieroglyphics, generally each emblem glyph is specific to a Maya city.

A

Emblem Glyph

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48
Q

a horizontal beam of wood or stone that supports the wall above a door way or window.

A

Lin Tel

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49
Q

an architectural feature frequently carved with glyphs and figures that is placed atop Mesoamerican temples

A

Roof Comb

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50
Q

dedicated to jasaw chan k’awiil the 1st

A

temple 1

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51
Q

the Mayan word for a raised causeway constructed of stone blocks and paved with gravel and plaster

A

Sacbe

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52
Q

Tikal declining by construction slow down 534-692ad monuments erection practically ceased.

A

Hiatus

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53
Q

an agricultural field created by swamp drainage or landfill operation along the edges of lakes.

A

Chinampas

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54
Q

: a tree that grows abundantly in the tropical forest of the maya lowlands and bears an edible fruit, also called breadnut.

A

Ramon

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55
Q

a stone coffin, usually decorated with sculpture and or inscriptions.

A

Sacrophagus

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56
Q

: side looking airborne radar, used to locate huge areas of suspected raised field complexes.

A

Slar

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57
Q

the classic center at the edge of Maya low lands. Situated on a series of hills overlooking the vast gulf coast plane in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. During Pakals rule, Palenque grew in size and expanded its authority over neighboring regions. Lord Pakal was buried in an elaborate tomb beneath the pyramid that supports the temple of inscriptions. He was kinich kan balam 11 his son took over after his father. It was one of the earliest Mayan centers to experience collapse.

A

Palenque

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58
Q

a small former dependency of Palenque, displayed its own emblem glyph in 771AD suggesting it had achieved independence.

A

Pomona

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59
Q

who divided their realms into 4 quarters. Each quarter was associated with a specific color?

A

The Maya and many other native groups in the Americas

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60
Q

who placed the maps consistently placed East at the top of the map suggesting that east was the most dominant direction.

A

Mayan

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61
Q

when does writing appear?

A

Early Mesoamerican writing appeared more than 200 years ago.

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62
Q

what are the 4 different pre Hispanic Mesoamerican writing systems?

A

The Maya
The Sapotec
The mixtec
The Aztec

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63
Q

these were prepared on bark paper or deerskin.

A

Mixtec & Aztec

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64
Q

these were inscriptions on carved stone.

A

sapotec

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65
Q

folding books, pottery, wall painting, and large stones. Best known and most deciphered.

A

mayan system

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66
Q

how were the hieroglyphics read?

A

from left to right and top to bottom.

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67
Q

written or painted symbol portrays the represented object.

A

pictograph

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68
Q

written symbol that represent an abstract idea rather than the sound of a word or the pictorial symbol of an object.

A

Ideograph

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69
Q

pertaining to the sounds of speech

A

phonetic

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70
Q

what is the smallest long count unit?

A

the day or kin

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71
Q

20 kins is equal to?

A

Unial

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72
Q

the 3rd unit consists of what?

A

18 unials or 360 kin

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73
Q

18 months of 20 days each, an extra period of 5 days was added to the end of the year.

A

365 day vague year

74
Q

how do maya view time?

A

In cyclical fashion

75
Q

capital city of the toltecs, it lacks any evidence of urban planning outside its civic ceremonial core.
Major structures include two large ball courts:

A

Tula

76
Q

a carved human figure serving as a support column.

A

altantean column

77
Q

a white sedimentary stone were made at the site.

They also had obsidian

A

Travertine

78
Q

a plant that can be grown there and is a main source of fiber. Used this to create clothes through the spindling

A

Maguey

79
Q

where is Chichen Itza:

A

MEXCO

80
Q

first) mayan architecutal style, identified by a mosaic of limestone masonry.

A

Puuc Style

81
Q

when did the 2nd happen?

A

In the 10th century ad a second more opulent construction boom began growing chichen itza to its maximum size.

82
Q

: a life-size stone figure in a reclining position, with flexed legs and head raised and turned to one side.

A

Chac Mool

83
Q

an art structure of masonry that forms a ceiling or roof. It was a Mayan technique.

A

Vaults

84
Q

blue pigment made by fusing an extract from the plant indigo with fine white clay. Applied this to ceramics, sculptures and murals.

A

Maya Blue

85
Q

who discovered the inca?

A

Francisco Pizarro discovered the incas

86
Q

giant centralized political domain, Inca empire

A

Tawantinsauyu

87
Q

is the capital of the polity/ seat of the original state

A

Cuzco

88
Q

the highest rank leader, son of the deity I nti (son god)

A

Inca

89
Q

the leader, who fought with his brother.

A

Atauhulpa

90
Q

Inca leader who created the greatest Inca civilization.

A

Pachakuti

91
Q

1st Inca ruler

A

Mancocacap

92
Q

was the important Inca structure in Cuzco

A

Temple of the sun

93
Q

a decorative band or feature, commonly ornamented with sculpture, usually nears the top of the wall

A

Frieze

94
Q

the ceremonial core of here could only be entered through a stone gateway.

A

Machupichu

95
Q

a large stone pillar thought to have had ceremonial function

A

Intihuatana

96
Q

the study of ancient alignments and other aspects of the archaeological record.

A

Archao- astronomy

97
Q

a roadside lodging and storage place, along the Inca road system. They were roughly one day’s walk apart.

A

Tampu

98
Q

used to move government messengers, armies, royal litters or state trade caravans. The system stretched along the pacific coast of South America from Ecuador into Chile and northwestern Argentina.

A

Inca Roads

99
Q

a provincial outpost of the Inca. Located in central Peru between Cuzco and Quito. Mimic imperial Inca traditions found at Cuzco.

A

Huancuo Pampa

100
Q

a subdivision of the Inca empire that was used for administrative purposes consisting of 1000 taxpayers. Most frequently used.

A

Waranqa

101
Q

based on multiples of 10

A

subdivisions

102
Q

Andean recording device that uses nodded strings in a positional decimal system

A

Quipu

103
Q

system of colonization used by Inca to minimize provincial rebellion by moving people around to break up dissident groups.

A

Mitmaq

104
Q

how was the state was able to cement symbolic ties between the Inca and conquered people.

A

through control and manipulation of textile

105
Q

South America beer made from corn.

A

Chicha

106
Q

Had smaller political system

had bigger markets

A

mesoamerica

107
Q

large political system
better relation with neighbors
smaller markets, bigger storage house and ruled by divine right

A

Inca

108
Q

the hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste, or class:

A

Social Stratification

109
Q

princess burial from the Iron Age

A

Vix

110
Q

Iron age divide into two phases?

A

hallstatt and La tene

111
Q

earlier period 800-500BC centered in Austria, southern Germany and Czech republic. Salt and Iron mine led to the economic boom.

A

Hallstatt

112
Q

followed hallstatt, found in eastern France, Switzerland, southern Germany and Czech republic.

A

La tene

113
Q

a large metal vessel for mixing and storing wine

A

Krater

114
Q

directly above the grave at Vix, one of the major political and commercial centers of late Hallstatt Europe.

A

Mont Lassois

115
Q

from northern Europe, the most preserved prehistoric bodies. Found in northern Germany.

A

Bog people

116
Q

used to preserve the skin of the bog bodies, used to tan a hide

A

Tannic acid

117
Q

a bog person from Iron Age Denmark

A

Tollund

118
Q

the excavation of trenches and squares across manmade layers to expose a cross section of the deposits and reveal the sequence and methods of construction.

A

Stratigraphic section

119
Q

a term describing complex defenses of multiple ditches and ramparts at large Iron Age hill forts.

A

Multivallate

120
Q

excavated part of the site of Maiden Castle. He was a major figure in the British archaeology, highly respected for both the quality of his work and his concern.

A

Sir Mortimer Wheeler

121
Q

What were civilizations made up of?

A 
Urban Centers
Monumental Architecture
Intensive Agriculture
Full-time Craft Specialists
Metallurgy
State
Writing
122
Q

what was the base made up of?

A

Irrigation & Storage

123
Q

what was the structure made up of?

A

craft groups-classes
social stratification
redistribution
centralized bureaucratic structure

124
Q

what was the ideology?

A

hierarchical religion

ecclesiastical

125
Q

what were the classes?

A

non-kin social groups

126
Q

State-level of political organization–A hierarchical bureaucratic form of government– 3 tiers of control

A

Civilization

127
Q

what was the writing used for?

A

record keeping- economic

propaganda- Myth

128
Q

what was one type of writing used?

A

Sumerian Cuneiform- 300BC

129
Q

what did the intensive agriculture have to do with?

A

Maya Raised Fields

130
Q

what did political evolution have to do with?

A

part of structure,

mediates conflict of infrastructure and superstructure

131
Q

How was the political evolution set up?

A 
Foragers-Headless
Villagers-Headmen
Bigman
Chiefdoms- Chief
States- King
132
Q

what was writing seen as?

A

a representation of language and it could be read.

133
Q

what are some of the Mesopotamian Cuneiform writings that are found?

A

Code of Hammurabi
Epic of Gilgamesh
Olmec Ambassador monument.

134
Q

What are empires made up of?

A

Militarism-Professional Army
Transportation Systems- Ships and Roads
Ethnicity- Subordinate Conquered Social Groups

135
Q

what do empires look like?

A

Territorially Expansive
Incorporative States
State Control over other Polities States, Chiefdoms, Village Societies

136
Q

what are the 2 topics that empire deals with?

A

Conquest and Social Product

137
Q

what is conquest made up of?

A

Core- receives social product.

Periphery-provides social product.

138
Q

social product

A

bulk food, preciosities, slaves -labor in the core, soldiers in the periphery.

139
Q

AD 1440 – 1532 (Spanish Conquest)

A

Incan Empire

140
Q

capital city – seat of original state. 2600 miles along empire along the spine of the Andes. they had Imperial capital defensive wall.

A

Cuzco

141
Q

Civilizers of savage and chaotic world.

A

Incan Ideology

142
Q

what was beyond the periphery?

A

the Roman empire

143
Q

what were written records viewed as?

A

Artifacts, culturally produced by certain people for certain people.

144
Q

what is one of the items that is traded in the European empire time?

A

beaver skin Trade

145
Q

What are the 3 colonial New England Periods?

A

Yeoman Period
Folk Period
Georgian Period

146
Q

1630(boston)1649 Cromwells victory. 50K immigrants

A

Yeoman Period

147
Q

1650-1760, English interest in Sugar Trade. Caribbean focus.

A

Folk Period

148
Q

1760-1820, British Pursuit of New England Markets

A

Georgian Period

149
Q

Colonial New England changed from Medieval group orientation to what?

A

renaissance individualistic Symmetrical

150
Q

The archaeology of European expansion and its impact on indigenous societies.An archaeology of European Empires and the way they have changed the world.

A

Historical Archaeology- James Deetz

151
Q

Who did research in common ground, south Carolina?

A

Leland Ferguson

152
Q

What was the historical archaeology of the common grounds?

A

Rice plantations, cluster of african style houses, near rice paddies, grew food on own, hunted with guns, share of product collected annually.

153
Q

What site tracks the development of slavery and race in the 17th century in Virginia? Also Tobacco Economy and colonware

A

Flowered Hundred- James River, Virginia

154
Q

Where is the center of the North American Slave Trade?

A

New York, african burial ground in Manhattan. Recovers the presence of slavery in NYC 1690-1794

155
Q

what is the bio-archaeology found at the African Burial Site?

A

Arthritis and Mortality

156
Q

what are the cultural aspects found there?

A

african beads

157
Q

not just spatial location- a spot with memories and expectations, Heritage

A

Place

158
Q

the memories and expectations associated with a social identity.

A

Heritage

ex: Hill of Tara, Ireland

159
Q

goal to preserve places associated with violations of civil and human rights.

A

Sites of Conscience

160
Q

World Heritage SitesArchaeological Conservancy

A

UNESCO

161
Q

what are three laws that helped preserve heritage and place?

A
  1. Antiquities Act 1906
  2. Archaeological Resources Protection Act
  3. NAGPRA 1990
162
Q

Antiquities Act

A

any government property

163
Q

Archaeological Resources protection act?

A

any federal or federally licensed project needed to evaluate archaeological impacts.

164
Q

NAGPRA

A

any skeleton or grave goods belongs to descendant population.

165
Q

a particular form of culture, one pattern of culture having a # of characteristics

A

Civilization

166
Q

non-residental architecture structure

A

monumental

167
Q

central organization

A

state

168
Q

A structure in the north with a keyhole entry way. They were built in T shapes platforms, had a temple where they stored seed, weeds, and barely for the next years.

A

Tholi

169
Q

what are the times of the Maya?

A

pre- classic 0AD- 300
classic 300-900
fall of maya 900
post classic 950-1520

170
Q

stone monument of representation of leader/priest king

A

stela

171
Q

glyph

A

hieroglyphics writing

172
Q

which site is known as the iron age site?

A

Vix site

173
Q

what are some of the Empires?

A 
spanish
Portuguese
british
Dutch
french
swedish
174
Q

Empires from 1500’s

A 
Africa
S. Africa
East Asia
S. America
Central America/ caribbean
North America
Australia
175
Q

what items become trade items in the European empire?

A

coffee, tea, tobacco, and oatmeal. Europeans got the oatmeal from S. Asia

176
Q

artifacts, not neutral objective documents they have a bias.

A

Historic documents

177
Q

not imported ceramics, they were locally made. African made ceramics used in african houses.

A

colonware

178
Q

instrument played for the kings, symbol of resistance / independence.

A

Harp

179
Q

they are kept in existence to remind people about where civil rights and human rights came from.

A

Sites of conscience

180
Q

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

A

UNESCO

Archaeology (4 decks)

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