Chpater 14: Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the general formula of an Alkane?
CnH2n
What is the general formula of a halogenoalkane with a halogen X
CnH2n+1X
What is the general formula of an aldehyde?
CnH2n+1CHO
What is the general formula of a Ketone?
CnH2n+1COCmH2m+1
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
CnH2nCOOH
What is a sigma bond?
It is a single covalent bond formed by the end on overlap of atomic orbitals.
What is a pi bond?
It is when multiple covalent bonds involving the sideways overlap of p atomic orbitals.
What bonds the two atoms in a sigma bond?
The electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positive nucleus.
Describe and explain the positioning of organic molecules containing sigma bonds.
The atoms like to position themselves as far apart from each other as possible and thus form bond angles of 109.5
What are the two ways that a covalent bond might break?
By a homolytic fission and a heterolytic fission.
What does homolytic fission mean?
It means that when the bond is broken, each atom is left with just one electron, leading to the formation of a free radical.
What are three steps in the mechanism of a homolytic fission?
- Initiation
- Propagation
- termination
What is the initiation step of a homolytic fission?
It involves the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond by UV light from the sun.
What is the propagation step of homolytic fission?
It is when the radicals that have formed in propagation are able to attack reactant molecules generating more free radicals, and so on.
What is the termination step of a homolytic fission?
It is the step where two free radicals will react to produce a molecule.
What does Heterolytic fission mean?
It means that that the more electronegative atoms takes both the electrons in the covalent bond.
What is a carbocation?
An alkyl group carrying a single positive charge on one of its carbon atoms, e.g +CH2CH3
What is mean by thee positive inductive effect?
It is the tendency of alkyl groups to push electrons away from them, due to the other end of the bond attracting it more strongly.
What is an electrophile?
Is an acceptor of a pair of electrons.
What are nucleophiles?
They are electron rich species that are donators of a pair of electrons.
What is an elimination reaction?
Is a reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule. For example, removing the OH from a carboxylic acid.
What is hydrolysis?
It is the breakdown of a molecule using a water.
What is oxidation in terms of organic reaction?
It is the addition of oxygen atoms or the removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule.
