AS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REASCTIONS

Question 1

Number of ways to convert an alkene to halogenoalkane

Answer 1

1. Addition of a hydrogen Halide

2. Addition of halogen

Question 2

Addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes

Answer 2

• Electrophilic additio
• Bubble through a concentrated solution
• Room temperature
• Major an minor products

Question 3

Addition of Halogen

Answer 3

• Addition reactions
• Free Radical substitution
• Room temperature
• Decolorisation -> good test for C=C

Question 4

What is the way that a halogenoalkane can be converted to an alkene?

Answer 4

Elimination reactions

Question 5

Describe the elimination reaction of a halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 5

• Done under ethanolic NaOH

- involves the loss of an HX group

Question 6

How can an alkene be converted to an alkane?

Answer 6

By the addition of Hydrogen

Question 7

Addition of Hydrogen to an alkene

Answer 7

• Addition reaction

- Nickel Catalyst

Question 8

2 ways that an alkene can be converted to an alcohol

Answer 8

1. Addition of Steam

2. Cold dilute acidified manganate solution (VII)

Question 9

Describe the addition of steam in making an alcohol from an alkene.

Answer 9

• Addition reaction
• Catalyst: Conc Phosphoric acid
• 330 Degrees Celsius
• 6 MPa pressure

Question 10

Cold Acidified Manganate reaction of Alkenes

Answer 10

• Makes Diols
• Dilute solution fo KMnO4
• Goes from purple to colourless
• Room temperature/Pressure

Question 11

How can an alcohol be made into an alkene?

Answer 11

• Dehydration reaction

Question 12

Dehydration of Alcohol

Answer 12

• Makes Alkene
• Elimination reaction
• Loss of water
• Catalyst: Hot Aluminium Oxide Powder

Question 13

Aldehyde from Alkene

Answer 13

Oxidation with KMnO4

Question 14

Oxidation of Alkenes under distillation

Answer 14

• Produces Aldehyde

- Hot Concentrated KMnO4

Question 15

Carboxylic acid from aldehyde

Answer 15

Oxidation with concentrated KMnO4 under reflux

Question 16

Aldehyde to Alcohol

Answer 16

Reduction.

Question 17

Oxidation of Alcohol to Aldehyde

Answer 17

• Acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7
• Orange -> Green
• warming required
• primary alcohol
• Distill to prevent carboxylic acid formation

Question 18

Alcohol to Aldehyde

Answer 18

Oxidation

Question 19

Reduction of Aldehyde to Alcohol

Answer 19

• Reducing agent: LiAlH4 / NaBH4
  
  • if LiAlH4, then under dry ether
  • if NaBH4, then (NaOH)aq + warm
• Primary alcohol

Question 20

Halogenoalkane to nitriles

Answer 20

Substitution with Cyanide, CN-

Question 21

Halogenoalkanes substitution with Cyanide

Answer 21

• Ethanolic solution of KCN

- heated under reflux with the halogenoalkane

Question 22

Halogenoalkane to hydrolysis

Answer 22

1. Substitution with Aqueous alkali, OH-

2. Hydrolysis

Question 23

Halogenoalkane substitution with aqueous alkali

Answer 23

• Produce halogenoalkane
• warmed NaOH
• SN1 Mechanism
• Nucleophilic substitution

Question 24

Hydrolysis of alcohol

Answer 24

• Produces Halogenoalkane
• carried out under reflux
• slower than NaOH
• rate can be investigated with AgNo3
• SN2 Mechanism

Question 25

Alcohol to Halogenoalkane

Answer 25

1. Substitution | 2. Halogenation

Question 26

Halogenation of alcohols

Answer 26

- Alcohol is heated under reflux | - halogenoalkane produced then distilled

Question 27

4 ways of substituting an alcohol to halogenoalkane

Answer 27

1. HX (Hydrogen halide) made insitu 2. SOCl2 (sulfur dichloride) 3. Phosphorus (V) Chloride 4. PI3 or PBr3

Question 28

Hydrogen halide made insitu

Answer 28

NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl | Used in substitution of alcohol to halogenoalkane

Question 29

Alcohol substitution with Sulfur dichloride

Answer 29

- No distillation | - halhhogenolkane, HCl and SO2 produced

Question 30

Alcohol substitution with solid PCl5

Answer 30

- used as a test for OH group - For chloroalkanes - steamy fumes of HCl produced - halogenoalkane, HCl and POCl3 produced

Question 31

Alcohol substitution with PI3/ PBr3

Answer 31

- To make bromo/iodoalkanes - made insitu with red phosphorus and bromine or iodine - Warmed with alcohol

Question 32

Amines from Halogenoalkanes

Answer 32

- Substitution with ammonia, NH3 in ethanol

Question 33

Halogenoalkane substitution with ammonia

Answer 33

- makes amines - Excess ammonia in ethanol under pressure - Nucleophilic addition - Ammonia is a nucleophile - can go onto form secondary and tertiary amines

Question 34

Amines from nitriles

Answer 34

Reduction

Question 35

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 35

- Produces amines | - using sodium and ethanol

Question 36

Aldehyde to nitriles

Answer 36

Addition of HCN-

Question 37

Addition of HCN- to aldehydes

Answer 37

- Produces Nitriles - Nucleophilic addition - HCN insitu: NaCN + H2SO4

Question 38

Alkenes to Ketones

Answer 38

- Oxidation

Question 39

Oxidation of Alkenes

Answer 39

- Produces Ketones | - Hot Conc. KMnO4

Question 40

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

Answer 40

- Reflux with dilute HCl

Question 41

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Answer 41

- K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 (Acidified potassium dichromate) - Orange to Green - Warming required - Secondary Alcohols

Question 42

Ketone to Secondary Alcohol

Answer 42

Reduction

Question 43

Reduction of a Ketone

Answer 43

- Produces a secondary Alcohol - NaBH4/LiAlH4 used as reducing agents - LiAlH4 used in dry ether at rtp - NaBH4 warm in aqueous alkaline

Question 44

Carboxylic acid to alcohol

Answer 44

Reduction

Question 45

Reduction fo carboxylic acid

Answer 45

- Reducing agent: LiAlH4 in dry ether at rtp | - Produces Alcohol

Question 46

Esterification

Answer 46

- H2SO4 (Acid Catalyst) - Heated under reflux - Sweet fruity smelling substance

Question 47

Hydrolysis of esters

Answer 47

1. heat under reflux with acid/base -> Equilibrium | 2. heat under reflux with NaOH -> Full hydrolysis

Question 48

Reaction of Alcohol with Sodium metal

Answer 48

- Breakage of the OH bond | - Longer hydrocarbons are less vigrous