Chp8 Cognition

Question 1

What is cognition (thinking) ?

Answer 1

Mental activity (activities) that happen in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand info and communicating info to others

Question 2

Define Mental images

Answer 2

Mental representations that stand for objects or events and have picture like quality

Ex. Cottage reminds you of mountains, city lights remind you of old home in the city

Question 3

Define concepts

Answer 3

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities

Question 4

What are types of concepts?

Answer 4

Superordinate concept - most general, such as “animal” “fruit” or “vegetable”

Basic level type - an example of a type of concept around which other similar ones are organized, animal>dog, cat. Fruit>pear, apple.

Subordinate concept - most specific category, your own pet, the fruit you have at home

Formal- defined by specific rules or features

Natural- people form these concepts as a result of their own experience in the real world

Prototype- an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept

Question 5

What concept is - most general, such as “animal” “fruit” or “vegetable”

Answer 5

Superordinate

Question 6

What type of concept is- an example of a type of concept around which other similar ones are organized, animal>dog, cat. Fruit>pear, apple.

Answer 6

Basic level type

Question 7

What concept is - most specific category, your own pet, the fruit you have at home

Answer 7

Subordinate

Question 8

What is a Formal concept?

Answer 8

defined by specific rules or features

Question 9

What is a Natural concept?

Answer 9

people form these concepts as a result of their own experience in the real world

Question 10

What is- an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept

Answer 10

Prototype

Question 11

Define problem solving

Answer 11

Process of conviction that occurs
When a goal must be reached by thinking, and behaving in certain ways

Question 12

Trial and error (mechanical solution)

Answer 12

A problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

Question 13

Define Algorithms

Answer 13

Very specific step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

Question 14

Define heuristic

Answer 14

An educated, guess, based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem, also known as a rule of thumb
- means-end analysis
heuristic in which the difference between starting situation, and the goal is determined, and the steps are taken to reduce the difference

Question 15

Define insight

Answer 15

Southern perception of a solution to a problem

Question 16

What are Barriers to problem solving ?

Answer 16

Function fixedness - block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of their typical functions only

Mental set - the tendency for people to persist and using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past

Confirmation bias - to search for evidence that first ones believe swallowed, knowing any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

Question 17

What is a- block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of their typical functions only?

Answer 17

Functional fixedness

Question 18

Confirmation bias is ?

Answer 18

To search for evidence that supports one’s believes while ignoring all evidence that does not

Question 19

Mental set is?

Answer 19

the tendency for people to persist and using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past

Question 20

Difference between Divergent and convergent thinking

Answer 20

Convergent - type of thinking, in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking, will eventually lead to that single answer using previous knowledge and logic

Divergent - type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity)

Question 21

Creativity

Answer 21

The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors a new Ways

Question 22

Types if stimulating divergent thinking

Answer 22

Brainstorming
Keeping a journal
Free writing
Mind or subject mapping

Question 23

Intelligence is?

Answer 23

Ability to learn from one’s own experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively and adapting to new situations are solving problems

Question 24

What does IQ stand for?

Answer 24

Intelligence quotient

Question 25

What is an intelligence quotient?

Answer 25

A number, representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one’s mental age by one’s chronological age, and then multiplying that quotient by 100

Question 26

What tests has an IQ Score?

Answer 26

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

We baker intelligence tests yield a verbal score and a performance score as well as an overall score of intelligence

Question 27

What is involved in the development of IQ tests ?

Answer 27

Standardization - process of giving attached to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed ex. Scholars, high schoolers, university students, literacy test, teachers college tests

Validity - the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure

Reliability - tendency of a test to produce the same scores again again each time it is given to the same people

Deviation IQ scores - type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around the meaning of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

Question 28

What is standardization ?

Answer 28

Process of giving test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed for

Question 29

What is validity ?

Answer 29

The degree to which a test actually measured what it’s supposed to

Question 30

Reliability

Answer 30

The tendency of a test to produce the same scores over and over each time it’s given to the same people