Chp8 Cognition Flashcards
What is cognition (thinking) ?
Mental activity (activities) that happen in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand info and communicating info to others
Define Mental images
Mental representations that stand for objects or events and have picture like quality
Ex. Cottage reminds you of mountains, city lights remind you of old home in the city
Define concepts
Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities
What are types of concepts?
Superordinate concept - most general, such as “animal” “fruit” or “vegetable”
Basic level type - an example of a type of concept around which other similar ones are organized, animal>dog, cat. Fruit>pear, apple.
Subordinate concept - most specific category, your own pet, the fruit you have at home
Formal- defined by specific rules or features
Natural- people form these concepts as a result of their own experience in the real world
Prototype- an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept
What concept is - most general, such as “animal” “fruit” or “vegetable”
Superordinate
What type of concept is- an example of a type of concept around which other similar ones are organized, animal>dog, cat. Fruit>pear, apple.
Basic level type
What concept is - most specific category, your own pet, the fruit you have at home
Subordinate
What is a Formal concept?
defined by specific rules or features
What is a Natural concept?
people form these concepts as a result of their own experience in the real world
What is- an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept
Prototype
Define problem solving
Process of conviction that occurs
When a goal must be reached by thinking, and behaving in certain ways
Trial and error (mechanical solution)
A problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found
Define Algorithms
Very specific step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems
Define heuristic
An educated, guess, based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem, also known as a rule of thumb
- means-end analysis
heuristic in which the difference between starting situation, and the goal is determined, and the steps are taken to reduce the difference
Define insight
Southern perception of a solution to a problem
What are Barriers to problem solving ?
Function fixedness - block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of their typical functions only
Mental set - the tendency for people to persist and using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past
Confirmation bias - to search for evidence that first ones believe swallowed, knowing any evidence that does not fit those beliefs
What is a- block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of their typical functions only?
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias is ?
To search for evidence that supports one’s believes while ignoring all evidence that does not
Mental set is?
the tendency for people to persist and using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past
Difference between Divergent and convergent thinking
Convergent - type of thinking, in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking, will eventually lead to that single answer using previous knowledge and logic
Divergent - type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity)
Creativity
The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors a new Ways
Types if stimulating divergent thinking
Brainstorming
Keeping a journal
Free writing
Mind or subject mapping
Intelligence is?
Ability to learn from one’s own experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively and adapting to new situations are solving problems
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence quotient
