Chp 4 Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness is a ?

Answer 1

person’s awareness of everything that is going on around them at any given moment

Question 2

Waking consciousness is a ?

Answer 2

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert.

Question 3

What is a state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert.

Answer 3

Waking consciousness

Question 4

Altered state of consciousness is a ?

Answer 4

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Question 5

What is a state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Answer 5

Altered state of consciousness

Question 6

What is the Circadian rhythms and what does it do?

Answer 6

24-hour biological cycles
•Regulation of sleep/other body functions

Question 7

Physiological pathway of the biological clock is

Answer 7

Light levels →
retina →
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus → pineal gland →
secretion of melatonin

Question 8

If I want to measure brain electrical activity what do I use?

Answer 8

Electroencephalograph (EEG):
* most important in psychology to study brain wave patterns

Question 9

If I am measuring muscle activity, what do I use?

Answer 9

Electromyograph (EMG):

Question 10

What do I use to measure eye movements?
•Other bodily functions also observed

Answer 10

Electrooculograph (EOG):

Question 11

What are Microsleeps ?

Answer 11

brief sidesteps into sleep
lasting only a few seconds.

Question 12

Sleep deprivation is what?

Answer 12

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.

Question 13

Two main theories of sleep are ?

Answer 13

Adaptive - adapted sleep patterns to avoid predators (circadian rhythms)
Restorative - sleep is just a basic necessity of survival to replenish chemicals and repair cell damage

Question 14

What are 4 reasons we need sleep ?

Answer 14

Memory consolidation

Assimilating new memories into existing frameworks

Learning and problem solving

Promoting creativity and insight into problems

Question 15

Alpha waves a are brain waves that indicate a state of ?

Answer 15

relaxation or light sleep. (8–12 cps)

Question 16

Theta waves are brain waves indicating ?

Answer 16

the early stages of sleep. (4–7 cps)

Question 17

Delta waves are ?

Answer 17

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep. (< 4 cps)

Question 18

What happens in Stage 1 of sleep

Answer 18

brief, transitional (1–7 min.)
•alpha → theta
•hypnic jerks

Question 19

What happens in Stage 2 of sleep?
Non rem

Answer 19

sleep spindles (10–25 min.)

Question 20

What happens in Stages 3 & 4 of sleep?
Non rem

Answer 20

slow-wave sleep (30 min.)

Question 21

What happens in Stage 5 of sleep?

Answer 21

REM,
EEG looks similar to when brain is awake,
vivid dreaming
(progressively longer as cycle through the stages)

•Developmental and cultural differences in REM sleep

Question 22

What is a - stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.

Answer 22

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Question 23

What is - any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.

Answer 23

NREM (non-REM) sleep - any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.

Question 24

REM sleep is paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity).
If wakened during REM sleep, almost always report a dream. T/F

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is - increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.

Answer 25

REM rebound

Question 26

REM behaviour disorder is ?

Answer 26

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

Question 27

3 main theories of dreaming ?

Answer 27

Freud:
wish fulfillment; manifest and latent content of dreams.
•Manifest content – the actual dream itself.
•Latent content – the true, hidden meaning of a dream.

Cartwright:
cognitive problem-solving; enhanced learning after dreaming about task.

Hobson and McCarley:
Activation-synthesis; dreams are by-products of bursts of neural activity.

Question 28

•Anesthesia
•Sensory distortions and hallucinations
•Disinhibition
•Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia

These are effects of what

Answer 28

Effects produced through hypnosis

Question 29

Yoga produces A relaxed EEG, with predominant

Answer 29

theta and alpha rhythm brain wave patterns

Question 30

Theories of hypnosis are

Answer 30

Hypnosis as dissociation –
hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on.

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.