CHP 8 - rESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
The system responsible for gas exchange, phonation, olfaction, and heat regulation
Respiratory system
A cylindrical passage enclosed by all the bones of the face except the mandible
Nasal cavity
A common passage for food and air located caudal to the oral and nasal cavities
Pharynx
A cartilaginous organ regulating air passage, preventing aspiration, and acting as the voice box
Larynx
A permanently open conducting tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi
Trachea
Branching structures of the airway that direct air into the lungs
Bronchi
Paired organs responsible for ventilation and gas exchange
Lungs
The structure that divides the nasal cavity into two halves
Nasal septum
The air passage between the dorsal turbinate and the nasal roof
Dorsal nasal meatus
The air passage between the dorsal and ventral turbinate bones
Middle nasal meatus
The only direct passage between the nostrils and pharynx
Ventral nasal meatus
The passage between the nasal septum and turbinate bones
Common nasal meatus
A deep groove in the noses of carnivores and small ruminants, shallow or absent in pigs, oxen, and horses
Philtrum
The hairless, moist region at the rostral part of the nose with sweat glands but no sebaceous glands
Planum
The specific term for the nasal planum in sheep, goats, and dogs
Planum nasale
The specific term for the nasal planum in pigs
Planum rostrale
The specific term for the nasal planum in cows
Planum nasolabiale
A blind-ended passage in the horse’s nostrils aiding in passive dilation during ventilation
Nasal diverticulum
A bone in the pig’s nose that assists in rooting
Rostral bone
Air-filled cavities within skull bones that communicate with the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
The largest sinus in horses, divided into rostral and caudal compartments
Maxillary sinus
A sinus present in all domestic species, varying in size and division
Frontal sinus
A sinus found in horses within the sphenoid and palatine bones
Sphenopalatine sinus
A sinus within the conchal bones of cattle and pigs
Conchal sinus
The portion of the pharynx that connects to the nasal cavity and auditory tubes
Nasopharynx
Tubes that drain from the middle ear to the nasopharynx, equalizing pressure
Pharyngotympanic tubes
Paired diverticula of the auditory tubes in horses, thought to help regulate blood pressure and temperature
Guttural pouches
The entrance to the larynx bounded by the epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, and aryepiglottic folds
Laryngeal opening
The region between the laryngeal opening and the ventricular folds
Vestibule of the larynx
The narrow opening between the vocal folds
Glottic cleft
The compartment of the larynx continuous with the trachea
Infraglottic cavity
A mucosal outpocketing present in horses, pigs, and dogs but absent in cats and ruminants
Lateral ventricle
A structure connecting the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
Crico-thyroid membrane
A membrane connecting the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone
Thyro-hyoid membrane
A ligament attaching the epiglottis to the hyoid bone
Hyo-epiglottic ligament
A ligament extending from the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
Vocal ligament
The only muscle that abducts the vocal folds to open the glottis
Dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
A muscle that closes the rima glottidis
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
A muscle that constricts the glottis
Thyroarytenoid muscle
A muscle that tenses the vocal cords
Cricothyroid muscle
A condition in horses causing paralysis of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle, leading to airway obstruction
Laryngeal hemiplegia
The characteristic sound produced by horses with laryngeal hemiplegia due to vocal cord fluttering
Roaring
Inflammation of the larynx causing difficulty in breathing and phonation
Laryngitis
The placement of an endotracheal tube into the larynx and trachea
Intubation
A surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea for breathing
Tracheostomy
C-shaped hyaline cartilage structures that keep the trachea open
Tracheal rings
A smooth muscle that completes the tracheal rings dorsally
Trachealis muscle
An additional bronchus in ruminants and pigs supplying the cranial lobe of the right lung
Tracheal bronchus
The terminal air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli
A non-functional lung that is firm, gray, and does not float in water
Fetal lung
The entry and exit site for the bronchus, pulmonary artery, and veins
Hilus of the lung
A region where the pericardium contacts the thoracic wall without lung tissue, used for cardiac puncture
Cardiac notch
A diagnostic method using tapping to assess the condition of underlying lung structures
Percussion
The process of listening to lung sounds to assess respiratory health
Auscultation
Discontinuous sounds caused by the sudden opening of collapsed airways or fluid accumulation
Crackles
Continuous sounds caused by airflow through narrowed airways
Wheezes
A procedure to drain excess fluid from the pleural cavity
Pleurocentesis
A surgical opening into the thoracic cavity for lung or heart surgery
Thoracotomy
The surgical removal of a lung lobe
Lobectomy
A diagnostic procedure involving tissue sampling from the lung
Lung biopsy
A serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs
Pleura
The pleura lining the thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
The pleura covering the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
The pleura directly covering the lungs
Pulmonary pleura
The central thoracic compartment housing the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major vessels
Mediastinum
A muscular partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, aiding in respiration
Diaphragm
An opening in the diaphragm for the aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct
Aortic hiatus
An opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus and vagus nerves
Esophageal hiatus
An opening in the diaphragm for the caudal vena cava
Caval foramen
A condition where air accumulates in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse
Pneumothorax
The accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
Pyothorax
Include the diaphragm, scalene, and external intercostals
Muscles of inspiration
Include the internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, and transversus thoracis
Muscles of expiration
