CHP 3 - oSTEOLOGY Flashcards
In growing bone is easily fractured
Physis
Can be harvested surgically and moved to a fracture site to aid in repair sources include tibial tuberosity greater tubercle of humerus greater trochanter of femur and wing of the ilium
Cancellous bone
Consists of skull vertebrae sternum and ribs
Axial skeleton
Excluding the hyoid bone and mandible is a long four-sided pyramid with dorsal two lateral and ventral surfaces
Skull
Present only in horse and cat between parietal bones rostral to occipital bone in other species fuses before birth
Interparietal bone
Forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox and pig
Frontal bone
Splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs
Rostral bone
Complete in horse and ruminants incomplete in carnivores completed by orbital ligament
Bony orbit
Present only in horses ridge on the lateral surface of the face
Facial crest
Present in ruminants process on the lateral surface of the face
Facial tuberosity
Process of the frontal bone of horned ruminants enclosed by the horn
Cornual process
In ruminants pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone
Temporal fossa
In ruminants and pigs joining of the round and orbital foramina of other species
Foramen orbitorotundum
Large air spaces in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Largest sinus in horses divided into rostral and caudal compartments in cattle has three openings into lacrimal sinus palatine sinus and middle nasal meatus
Maxillary sinus
Paper-thin caudal extent of the maxillary sinus in ruminants
Lacrimal bulla
Located in the dorsal part of the skull in ox and pigs extends to the back of the skull ruminants have additional diverticula
Frontal sinus
In horses formed by the joining of frontal and dorsal conchal sinus
Conchofrontal sinus
Large opening between caudal maxillary sinus and frontal sinus in horses
Frontomaxillary opening
Direct continuation of frontal sinus into cornual process in horned ruminants
Cornual diverticulum
Drilling of holes into paranasal sinus used in removing cheek teeth in horses
Trephination
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses trephination may be used for drainage
Sinusitis
Located between vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles supports root of tongue pharynx and larynx
Hyoid apparatus
Rostral projection of basihyoid bone present in horse and ox absent in carnivores
Lingual process
Subdivided into cervical thoracic lumbar sacral and caudal regions
Vertebral column
Recognized by their massive quadrangular shape and greater length
Cervical vertebrae
Have facets for articulation with ribs and long spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae
Characterized by short bodies and expanded transverse processes
Lumbar vertebrae
Fused to form a single bone with two surfaces two borders a base and an apex
Sacral vertebrae
Horse has three foramina intervertebral alar and transverse dog has alar foramen as a notch cattle and sheep lack transverse foramen pig has transverse foramen positioned in the posterior border of wing
Atlas
Dens in dogs is tooth-like in cattle and sheep is spout-shaped spinous process is bifid in horses and high and posteriorly directed in pigs
Axis
Horse has a trifid transverse process other species have a well-developed ventral plate
6th cervical vertebra
Recognized by single transverse process absence of transverse foramen and facet for head of first rib
7th cervical vertebra
Thoracic vertebra with most vertically oriented spine landmark in radiographs
Anticlinal vertebra
Spinous process unfused in horse and carnivores fused in ruminants forming median sacral crest
Sacrum
Consist of a shaft and two extremities sternal and vertebral
Ribs
Last pair present only in dogs
Floating ribs
Consists of shoulder upper arm forearm and manus
Forelimb
Flat bone forming the skeleton of the shoulder spine fades out distally in horses triangular in ox and sheep prominent tubercle in pigs acromion distinct in dogs
Scapula
Absent in horses and pigs
Acromion
Bony enlargement of scapular spine in horse and pig poorly developed in cat and ox
Spinal tuber
Present in cats as a separate non-articulating bone rudimentary in dogs absent in horses and ruminants
Clavicle
Long bone of the upper arm in horses bicipital groove divided by a ridge in ox and sheep massive lateral tuberosity in pigs nearly forms a foramen in dogs has a supratrochlear foramen
Humerus
Hole between olecranon and radial fossa in dogs and sometimes in pigs
Supratrochlear fossa
Present in cats allows passage of median nerve and brachial vessels
Supracondylar foramen
Prominence in the horse intertubercular groove
Intermediate tubercle
Divided into cranial and caudal parts in ungulates
Greater tubercle
Ulna is fused with radius in horse and ruminants allowing no pronation or supination unfused in carnivores and pigs allowing movement
Radius and ulna
Distal epiphysis of horse ulna fused with radius becomes part of the radius
Styloid process of ulna
Consists of carpus metacarpus and digits
Manus
Has three metacarpals first and fifth are missing third is functional as cannon bone second and fourth are vestigial splint bones only third digit present with three phalanges
Horse manus
Metacarpals three and four are fused as cannon bone four digits present third and fourth functional second and fifth are dewclaws
Ox and sheep manus
Four metacarpals second and fifth are reduced third and fourth bear weight
Pig manus
Five metacarpals first is reduced and non-weight bearing digits two to four bear weight
Dog manus
Consists of hip thigh leg and pes
Hindlimb
Largest flat bone in the body composed of ilium ischium and pubis
Os coxae
Includes os coxae of either side bony pelvis includes pelvic girdle sacrum and first two caudal vertebrae
Pelvic girdle
Called hook in ox
Tuber coxae
Called pin bone in ox
Ischiatic tuberosity
Trochlear tubercle present in horses third trochanter absent in ruminants fabellae found in carnivores
Femur
Fused in ruminants fibula absent in middle portion separate only at extremities in horses fibula reduced and only extends halfway
Tibia and fibula
Talus is tibial tarsal bone calcaneus is fibular tarsal bone
Tarsals
In carnivores first is further reduced than in forelimb in ruminants fifth is absent
Metatarsals
