CHP 1 - uNGULATES Flashcards
One traditional grouping of mammals, now recognized as a paraphyletic grouping.
Ungulata
From Latin “ungula,” meaning hoof.
Ungulate
Cloven-hooved mammals, including pigs, deer, and cattle.
Artiodactyla
Odd-toed mammals, including horses, rhinos, and tapirs.
Perissodactyla
The earliest known ungulate, a small insectivore-like animal with teeth slightly adapted for grinding.
Protungulatum
The most successful order of terrestrial ungulates, divided into three suborders.
Order Artiodactyla
Primitive artiodactyls, including pigs, peccaries, and hippopotami.
Suborder Suina
Intermediate artiodactyls, including camels and llamas.
Suborder Tylopoda
Advanced artiodactyls, including cattle, antelopes, deer, and giraffes.
Suborder Ruminantia
Feet where the line of symmetry passes between digits 3 and 4.
Paraxonic Feet
(Tarsal or Ankle Bone) A bone with a ‘double pulley’ joint, allowing greater ankle movement.
Astragalus
An order characterized by mesaxonic feet, a full set of incisors, and molarized premolars.
Order Perissodactyla
Includes tapirs and rhinoceroses.
Suborder Ceratomorpha
The tapir family, including species like the Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris).
Family Tapiridae
The rhinoceros family, including black and white rhinoceroses.
Family Rhinocerotidae
Includes horses, zebras, and asses, all from the genus Equus
Suborder Hippomorpha
The evolutionary lineage of horses, well-documented in paleontology.
Evolution of the Horse
A small, early horse from the Eocene era, 55 million years ago.
Eohippus
A horse from the Oligocene era, 35 million years ago.
Mesohippus
A later Oligocene horse, 30 million years ago.
Miohippus
A Miocene-era horse, 20 million years ago.
Mercychippus
A Pliocene-era horse, 5 million years ago.
Pliohippus
The modern genus of horses, appearing around 4 million years ago.
Equus
Includes reduction in toes, elongation of legs, increased body size, and high-crowned teeth.
Evolutionary Trends in Horses
Adaptations to grasslands, including speed for escaping predators and teeth for grass consumption.
Environmental Causes of Evolution
Horse color is determined by the body, mane, tail, and leg extremities.
Basic Coat Color
The movement patterns of horses, including the walk, trot, gallop, and others.
Gait of Horses
A slow, four-beat gait where each foot moves separately.
Walk
A fast, two-beat diagonal gait where opposite legs move together.
Trot
A fast, four-beat gait where all four feet leave the ground momentarily.
Gallop
A slow, three-beat gait, with a Western adaptation called the lope.
Canter
A slow, lateral, four-beat gait.
Stepping Pace
A slow, diagonal, four-beat gait, characteristic of Tennessee Walking Horses.
Running Walk
A slow, short, broken trot where the hind foot lands just before the diagonal front foot.
Fox-Trot
A fast, even, four-beat gait with equal time between footfalls.
Rack
A fast, two-beat gait where legs on the same side move together.
Pace
A lateral movement where the horse moves sideways without forward or backward motion.
Amble
