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Microbiology 1 > Chp 6- Microbial Growth and Nutrition > Flashcards

Chp 6- Microbial Growth and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is bacterial growth?

A

Increase in population of bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteria reproduce/ divide by ______..

A

Binary Fission

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3
Q

What is generation time?

A

The time required to complete the process of doubling the number of cells. 1 to 2 to 4 to 8 etc

g (generation time) = t (time)/ n (# of generation)

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4
Q

What are some factors required for microbial growth?

A
  1. Source of nutrients= carbon, nitrogen/energy
  2. Proper temperature
  3. Oxygen requirement
  4. Proper pH
  5. Water
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5
Q

Microbes need nutrients as sources of ____ & ______.

A

Carbon & Nitrogen (energy)

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6
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on carbon source?

A
  1. Autotrophs - inorganic carbon

2. Heterotrophs- organic carbon

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7
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on energy source?

A
  1. Phototrophs= light

2. Chemotrophs= Chemical compounds (Ex. glucose)

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8
Q

What are the 4 basic groups of organisms based on carbon and energy sources?

A
  1. Photoautotrophs= Light, Carbon dioxide
  2. Chemoautotrophs= Chemical energy, Carbon dioxide
  3. Photoheterotrophs= Light, Organic compounds
  4. Chemoheterotrophs= Chemical energy, Organic compound
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9
Q

Based on the 4 basic groups of organisms in retrospect to carbon and energy source what are humans classified under.

A

Chemoheterotrophs.

We use chemical energy (ATP) and organic compounds (C6H12O6).

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10
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on oxygen requirement?

A
  1. Aerobes
  2. Anaerobes
  3. Facultative anaerobes
  4. Microaerophiles
  5. Aerotolerant anaerobes
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11
Q

Oxygen requirement for aerobes?

A

Need O2. Use oxygen as final electron acceptor

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12
Q

Oxygen requirement for anaerobes?

A

If O2 is present will not survive. Does not require O2.

Ex. SO4 & NO3

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13
Q

Oxygen requirement for facultative anaerobes?

A

Can grow with or without O2.

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14
Q

Oxygen requirement for microaerophiles?

A

Likes lower amount of O2. small amount of air/oxygen. 10% aerobic respiration

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15
Q

Oxygen requirement for Aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Grow with O2 but does not use O2 as final electron acceptor

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16
Q

What forms of oxygen are toxic? And why are they toxic?

A
  1. Singlet Oxygen- oxygen with electron boosted to high energy level.
  2. Superoxide- Due to incomplete reduction of oxygen
  3. Peroxide- Forms from reaction with superoxide dismutase
  4. Hydroxal radical- Incomplete reduction of H2O2.

THey are toxic because they are strong oxidizing (steal electrons) agents.

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17
Q

What is the most toxic oxygen form?

A

Hydroxal radical

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18
Q

What are the enzymes that can neutralize the toxicity of the toxic forms of oxygen?

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase
  2. Catalase
  3. Peroxidase
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19
Q

What are capnophiles?

A

They require a higher concentration of carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What are the 3 cardinal temperatures?

A
  1. Minimum= lowest temp
  2. optimum= most favorable temp
  3. Maximum= highest temp
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21
Q

Is there microbial growth before minimum temperature and beyond maximum temperature?

A

NO

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22
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on temperature requirements?

A
  1. Psychrophiles
  2. Mesophiles
  3. Thermophile
  4. Hyperthermophiles
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23
Q

PSYCHROPHILES

Minimum, optimum, and max temps

A 
Min= -5
Opt= 10
Max= 20
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24
Q

MESOPHILES

Minimum, optimum, and maximum temps

A 
Min= 15
Opt= 37
Max= 45
25
THERMOPHILE Minimum, optimum, and max temp
``` Min= 43 Opt= 63 Max= 80 ```
26
HYPERTHERMOPHILES Minimum, optimum, and max temps
``` Min= 65 Opt= 93 Max= 105 ```
27
What temperature requirement does the bacteria in our body grow?
Mesophiles
28
What are the groups of microbes based on pH requirements?
1. Neutrophils= 6-8 pH 2. Acidophiles= low pH 5 or lower 3. Alkalophiles= high pH 9 or higher
29
Most bacteria grow at what pH requirement?
Neutrophiles
30
What are the 3 kinds of solutions in relation to osmosis?
1. Isotonic= No change 2. Hypertonic= water leaks out= cell shrinks (plasmolysis) 3. Hypotonic= Water leaks in = cell swells RBC will burst because no cell wall
31
What are organisms that grow in up to 30% of salt called?
Obligate Halophiles
32
What are the organisms that can tolerate high concentration of salt called?
Facultative Halophiles | Ex. Staphyloccus Aureus
33
What are the microorganisms that can grow at extreme pressure called?
Barophiles
34
In microbiology, culture means what?
Refers to act of cultivating microorganisms. Act of growing or microorganisms that are cultivated
35
How are colonies of bacteria characterized?
Shape Margin Elevation Size Texture Appearance Pigmentation Optical Property
36
In microbiology, what is meant by culture?
Transfer sample of microorganisms (inoculum) into a culture medium.
37
What are examples of environmental specimen?
Water, soil, and air
38
What are examples of clinical specimen?
Feces, blood, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid
39
What are the types of culture media based on form?
1. Liquid= broth | 2. Solid= Agar plate, slant, deep
40
What are types of culture media based on composition?
1. Defined Medium= chemical formula of ingredients are known synthetic Ex. glucose (C6H12O6) 2. Complex Medium= Do not know exact formula. It takes only 1 ingredient in a culture to make it complex. Ex. Beef extract
41
What are the types of culture media based on function?
1. Selective= favors 1 group and does not favor another. Ex. select G+ grow, but not G- grow 2. Differential= Both bacteria can grow but they can be differentiated. Ex. Gram- and Gram + 3. Anaerobic Media= Growth of anaerobic bacteria 4. Transport Media= Used to transfer cultures while growth of bacteria
42
What are the methods used to obtain pure cultures?
1. Streak plating: Use agar plate and loop Method is used to isolate colonies (diluting cells) 2. Serial-dilution
43
Pour plate vs. Spread plating
Pour plate= Use dilution with test tubes (agar tubes) Spread plate= saline solution in tubes, use glass rods Bacteria found on surface.
44
What are the methods used to preserve cultures?
1. Refrigeration= still growing but slowly; low metabolism 3 months 2. Deep-freezing= (-50C to -95C) I year 3. Lyophilization (freeze drying): turn into powder. Preserved for 10-20 years
45
What are the 4 stages of microbial growth?
1. Lag= 0 growth; duplication of cell contents, cell is active 2. Log= + growth; cell growth is max/ susceptible to antibiotics/ more virulent. cell growth is larger than cell death 3. Stationary= 0 growth; growth is slow (overcrowding, toxin buildup, lack of nutrients) cell growth= cell death 4. Death= - Growth; Cell growth smaller than cell death
46
What are the methods used to measure bacterial growth?
Cell number Cell mass Cell activity
47
CELL NUMBER, CELL MASS, AND CELL ACTIVITY What methods are direct and which methods are indirect?
``` Direct= Cell number counting cells, microscopic count Indirect= Cell mass Turbitity, dry/wet weight, N & protein Cell Activity Acid production, Gas production, and ATP. ```
48
What methods are used in plate count to measure bacterial growth?
1. Pour plate | 2. Spread plate
49
What is cfu?
Colony Forming Units
50
Absorbance is _____ proportional to concentration
Directly
51
What microbe is responsible for the rising of bread dough?
Sacchromyces Cerevisie
52
What causes malaria?
Plasmodium
53
What is absorbance referring to Turbidity and Spectrophotometric measurement?
Amount of light blocked
54
What is transmission referring to Turbidity and spectrophotometric measurement?
Amount of light transmitted
55
Absorbance and transmission are ______ related.
Inversely
56
Transition and number of bacteria are _____ related.
Inversely
57
Absorbance and number of bacteria are _____ related.
Directly
58
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Absorbance=
0-1 scale
59
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Transmission=
1-100 scale

Microbiology 1 (4 decks)

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