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Microbiology 1 > Chp 6- Microbial Growth and Nutrition > Flashcards

Chp 6- Microbial Growth and Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is bacterial growth?

A

Increase in population of bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteria reproduce/ divide by ______..

A

Binary Fission

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3
Q

What is generation time?

A

The time required to complete the process of doubling the number of cells. 1 to 2 to 4 to 8 etc

g (generation time) = t (time)/ n (# of generation)

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4
Q

What are some factors required for microbial growth?

A
  1. Source of nutrients= carbon, nitrogen/energy
  2. Proper temperature
  3. Oxygen requirement
  4. Proper pH
  5. Water
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5
Q

Microbes need nutrients as sources of ____ & ______.

A

Carbon & Nitrogen (energy)

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6
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on carbon source?

A
  1. Autotrophs - inorganic carbon

2. Heterotrophs- organic carbon

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7
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on energy source?

A
  1. Phototrophs= light

2. Chemotrophs= Chemical compounds (Ex. glucose)

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8
Q

What are the 4 basic groups of organisms based on carbon and energy sources?

A
  1. Photoautotrophs= Light, Carbon dioxide
  2. Chemoautotrophs= Chemical energy, Carbon dioxide
  3. Photoheterotrophs= Light, Organic compounds
  4. Chemoheterotrophs= Chemical energy, Organic compound
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9
Q

Based on the 4 basic groups of organisms in retrospect to carbon and energy source what are humans classified under.

A

Chemoheterotrophs.

We use chemical energy (ATP) and organic compounds (C6H12O6).

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10
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on oxygen requirement?

A
  1. Aerobes
  2. Anaerobes
  3. Facultative anaerobes
  4. Microaerophiles
  5. Aerotolerant anaerobes
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11
Q

Oxygen requirement for aerobes?

A

Need O2. Use oxygen as final electron acceptor

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12
Q

Oxygen requirement for anaerobes?

A

If O2 is present will not survive. Does not require O2.

Ex. SO4 & NO3

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13
Q

Oxygen requirement for facultative anaerobes?

A

Can grow with or without O2.

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14
Q

Oxygen requirement for microaerophiles?

A

Likes lower amount of O2. small amount of air/oxygen. 10% aerobic respiration

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15
Q

Oxygen requirement for Aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Grow with O2 but does not use O2 as final electron acceptor

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16
Q

What forms of oxygen are toxic? And why are they toxic?

A
  1. Singlet Oxygen- oxygen with electron boosted to high energy level.
  2. Superoxide- Due to incomplete reduction of oxygen
  3. Peroxide- Forms from reaction with superoxide dismutase
  4. Hydroxal radical- Incomplete reduction of H2O2.

THey are toxic because they are strong oxidizing (steal electrons) agents.

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17
Q

What is the most toxic oxygen form?

A

Hydroxal radical

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18
Q

What are the enzymes that can neutralize the toxicity of the toxic forms of oxygen?

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase
  2. Catalase
  3. Peroxidase
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19
Q

What are capnophiles?

A

They require a higher concentration of carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What are the 3 cardinal temperatures?

A
  1. Minimum= lowest temp
  2. optimum= most favorable temp
  3. Maximum= highest temp
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21
Q

Is there microbial growth before minimum temperature and beyond maximum temperature?

A

NO

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22
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on temperature requirements?

A
  1. Psychrophiles
  2. Mesophiles
  3. Thermophile
  4. Hyperthermophiles
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23
Q

PSYCHROPHILES

Minimum, optimum, and max temps

A 
Min= -5
Opt= 10
Max= 20
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24
Q

MESOPHILES

Minimum, optimum, and maximum temps

A 
Min= 15
Opt= 37
Max= 45
25
Q

THERMOPHILE

Minimum, optimum, and max temp

A 
Min= 43
Opt= 63
Max= 80
26
Q

HYPERTHERMOPHILES

Minimum, optimum, and max temps

A 
Min= 65
Opt= 93
Max= 105
27
Q

What temperature requirement does the bacteria in our body grow?

A

Mesophiles

28
Q

What are the groups of microbes based on pH requirements?

A
  1. Neutrophils= 6-8 pH
  2. Acidophiles= low pH 5 or lower
  3. Alkalophiles= high pH 9 or higher
29
Q

Most bacteria grow at what pH requirement?

A

Neutrophiles

30
Q

What are the 3 kinds of solutions in relation to osmosis?

A
  1. Isotonic= No change
  2. Hypertonic= water leaks out= cell shrinks (plasmolysis)
  3. Hypotonic= Water leaks in = cell swells
    RBC will burst because no cell wall
31
Q

What are organisms that grow in up to 30% of salt called?

A

Obligate Halophiles

32
Q

What are the organisms that can tolerate high concentration of salt called?

A

Facultative Halophiles

Ex. Staphyloccus Aureus

33
Q

What are the microorganisms that can grow at extreme pressure called?

A

Barophiles

34
Q

In microbiology, culture means what?

A

Refers to act of cultivating microorganisms. Act of growing or microorganisms that are cultivated

35
Q

How are colonies of bacteria characterized?

A

Shape Margin Elevation
Size Texture Appearance
Pigmentation Optical Property

36
Q

In microbiology, what is meant by culture?

A

Transfer sample of microorganisms (inoculum) into a culture medium.

37
Q

What are examples of environmental specimen?

A

Water, soil, and air

38
Q

What are examples of clinical specimen?

A

Feces, blood, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

What are the types of culture media based on form?

A
  1. Liquid= broth

2. Solid= Agar plate, slant, deep

40
Q

What are types of culture media based on composition?

A
  1. Defined Medium= chemical formula of ingredients are known synthetic Ex. glucose (C6H12O6)
  2. Complex Medium= Do not know exact formula. It takes only 1 ingredient in a culture to make it complex.
    Ex. Beef extract
41
Q

What are the types of culture media based on function?

A
  1. Selective= favors 1 group and does not favor another.
    Ex. select G+ grow, but not G- grow
  2. Differential= Both bacteria can grow but they can be differentiated. Ex. Gram- and Gram +
  3. Anaerobic Media= Growth of anaerobic bacteria
  4. Transport Media= Used to transfer cultures while growth of bacteria
42
Q

What are the methods used to obtain pure cultures?

A
  1. Streak plating: Use agar plate and loop
    Method is used to isolate colonies (diluting cells)
  2. Serial-dilution
43
Q

Pour plate vs. Spread plating

A

Pour plate= Use dilution with test tubes (agar tubes)

Spread plate= saline solution in tubes, use glass rods
Bacteria found on surface.

44
Q

What are the methods used to preserve cultures?

A
  1. Refrigeration= still growing but slowly; low metabolism 3 months
  2. Deep-freezing= (-50C to -95C) I year
  3. Lyophilization (freeze drying): turn into powder. Preserved for
    10-20 years
45
Q

What are the 4 stages of microbial growth?

A
  1. Lag= 0 growth; duplication of cell contents, cell is active
  2. Log= + growth; cell growth is max/ susceptible to antibiotics/ more virulent. cell growth is larger than cell death
  3. Stationary= 0 growth; growth is slow (overcrowding, toxin buildup, lack of nutrients) cell growth= cell death
  4. Death= - Growth; Cell growth smaller than cell death
46
Q

What are the methods used to measure bacterial growth?

A

Cell number
Cell mass
Cell activity

47
Q

CELL NUMBER, CELL MASS, AND CELL ACTIVITY

What methods are direct and which methods are indirect?

A 
Direct= Cell number 
	counting cells, microscopic count
Indirect= Cell mass
	Turbitity, dry/wet weight, N & protein
		Cell Activity
	Acid production, Gas production, and ATP.
48
Q

What methods are used in plate count to measure bacterial growth?

A
  1. Pour plate

2. Spread plate

49
Q

What is cfu?

A

Colony Forming Units

50
Q

Absorbance is _____ proportional to concentration

A

Directly

51
Q

What microbe is responsible for the rising of bread dough?

A

Sacchromyces Cerevisie

52
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

53
Q

What is absorbance referring to Turbidity and Spectrophotometric measurement?

A

Amount of light blocked

54
Q

What is transmission referring to Turbidity and spectrophotometric measurement?

A

Amount of light transmitted

55
Q

Absorbance and transmission are ______ related.

A

Inversely

56
Q

Transition and number of bacteria are _____ related.

A

Inversely

57
Q

Absorbance and number of bacteria are _____ related.

A

Directly

58
Q

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Absorbance=

A

0-1 scale

59
Q

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Transmission=

A

1-100 scale

Microbiology 1 (4 decks)

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