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Microbiology 1 > Chp 4 -Microscopy, Staining & Classification > Flashcards

Chp 4 -Microscopy, Staining & Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

1 mm (millimeter)= ___ um (micrometers)

A

1,000 um (micrometers)

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2
Q

1 um (micrometer) = ____ nm (nanometers)

A

1,000 nm (nanometers)

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3
Q

The size of a bacterium is 0.5 mm. What is its size in um?

A

500 um

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4
Q

What are the different types of light microscopes?

Which one do we use in lab?

A 
Bright-field= Used in lab
Dark-field
Phase-contrast
Differential Interference
Fluorescent
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5
Q

What are the magnifications for LPO, HPO, OIO?

A 
LPO= 10X
HPO= 40X
OIO= 100X
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6
Q

What are the general principles off microscopy?

A

Wavelength of radiation
Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

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7
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Distance between the waves

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8
Q

What is the relationship of wavelengths to resolution?

A

Inversely related

  • smaller/shorter wavelengths : higher resolution
  • larger/wider wavelengths : lower resolution
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9
Q

What is resolution?

A

Sharpness or clearness of an image

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10
Q

What is the effect of immersion oil on resolution?

A

Increase the resolution= sharper image

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11
Q

What caused light rays to bend when traveling from air to glass?

A

Air & glass have different optical densities causing light rays to bend

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12
Q

What is contrast?

A

Staining; color the specimen, increases contrast

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13
Q

When observing microbes under the microscope, how is contrast increased?

A

Staining

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14
Q

What is the charge of the chromogen of acidic stains?

A

Acidic= - (negative)

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15
Q

What are some examples of acidic stains?

A

Congo red
Nigrosin
India Ink

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16
Q

What is the charge of the chromogen of basic stains?

A

Basic= + (positive)

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17
Q

What are some examples of basic stains?

A

Crystal Violet
Safranin
Methylene Blue
Carbolafuchsia

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18
Q

What is a bacterial smear?

How is it prepared?

A

Thin film of bacteria on a glass slide

1- Sterilize
2- Spread Culture (circular motion) size of penny
3- Air dry
4- Heat fixation

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19
Q

Why are bacterial smears heat fixed?

A
  • kill bacteria

- coagulate proteins= attach them to the slide

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20
Q

In simple staining how many stains are used?

A

1 Dye

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21
Q

What are the uses of simple staining?

A

Cell size
Cell shape
Cell arrangement (morphology)

22
Q

What is the purpose of gram-staining?

A

Divides the bacteria into 2 groups: Gram - or +

23
Q

How many stains are used in Gram- staining?

A

2

24
Q

In gram-staining what is the primary stain and what is the secondary stain?

A

Primary- Crystal Violet

Secondary- Safranin

25
Q

What is the function of the mordant?

In gram staining what is the mordant?

A

Intensifies the stain

Iodine

26
Q

At the end of gram staining process what is the color of the gram + bacteria and gram - bacteria?

A

Gram + = Purple

Gram - = Red/Pink

27
Q

What is the purpose of acid-fast staining?

A

Separate it into 2 groups: Acid-fast bacteria & Non-acid fast bacteria.

28
Q

Differentiate acid-fast bacteria from non-acid fast bacteria?

A

Acid fast has mycolic acid that adds protection

Non-acid fast does not have mycolic acid

29
Q

In gram staining, account for the difference in color of the cells after application of ethanol

A

Gram - (negative) has outer-membrane and ethanol goes through phospholipid bilayer leaking out the color

30
Q

How many stains are used in acid-fast staining method?

What is the purpose of using heat in this staining method?

A

2

Heat-fixation

31
Q

In acid-fast staining, what is the primary stain & the secondary stain?

A

Primary= Carbolfuchsin

Secondary= Methylene Blue

32
Q

Account for the difference in color of the cells after application of acid-ethanol?

A

Acid-fast bacteria retain the color because of the structure of the cell wall in gram +

33
Q

At the end of the staining process, what is the color of the acid-fast bacteria and the non-acid-fast bacteria?

A

Acid-fast= Red
Ex. AFB= acid-fast bacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Non-acid fast= Blue

34
Q

How many stains are used in endospore staining?

What the the primary and secondary stain?

A

2

Primary= Malachite Green
Secondary= Safranin
35
Q

What is the purpose of using heat in endospore staining?

A

To drive the stain into the endospore

36
Q

At the end of the endospore staining process, what is the color of the endospores and vegetative cells?

A

Endospores= Green

Vegetative Cells= Red

37
Q

What is microbial classification and what are its purposes?

A

Orderly arrangement of microorganisms into groups of larger units.

Purpose: 1) Bring sense of order and organization
2) Enhance communication

38
Q

What are the three domains?

A

1) Bacteria - cell wall— peptidoglycan
2) Archaea- doesn’t have peptidoglycan
3) Eukarya

39
Q

Who proposed the division of the organisms into 3 domains?

A

Woese, Kandler, and Wheelis

40
Q

Out of the 3 domains which of the domains contain the prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

41
Q

What are the kingdoms under Domain Eukarya?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animals

42
Q

What are the taxonomic categories in order from the biggest group to the smallest group?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

43
Q

What is a bacterial species?

A

Group of strains that share many stable properties (basic properties).

44
Q

What is a bacterial strain?

A

Population of microbes descended from a single culture

45
Q

What is a biotype or biovar?

A

Strain with a characteristic biochemical pattern

46
Q

What is a serovar?

A

Strain that differs in antigenic structure

47
Q

What are sine genera of bacteria under Family Enterobacteriaceae?

Why are they of medical importance?

A

All ferment glucose, all rod in shape, all gram-negative, and all oxidase negative.

Ex. Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, serratia, shigella, and yersinia.

Most of them cause disease common in hospitals and labs.

48
Q

Who introduced binomial system of nomenclature?

A

Carlous Linnaeus

49
Q

How are scientific name written?

A

Genus (first letter capitalized and underlined) and Specific (not capitalized and underlined)

OR

Italicize both but not underlined

50
Q

How are bacteria identified?

A

By determining their phenotype and genotype

51
Q

What are examples of phenotypes and genotypes of bacteria?

A

Phenotype (their physical appearance)= cell size, shape, and arrangement.

Genotype (molecular and genetic characteristic) = DNA

Microbiology 1 (4 decks)

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