Chp 1 -Introduction & History

Question 1

Name 5 major groups of microorganisms

Answer 1

Bacteria/Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses

Question 2

BACTERIA/ ARCHAEA

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Unicellular or multicellular:
Mode of nutrition:

Answer 2

Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Absorptive

Question 3

YEASTS

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Unicellular or Multicellular:
Mode of nutrition:

Answer 3

Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Absorptive

Question 4

MOLDS

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Unicellular or Multicellular:
Mode of nutrition:

Answer 4

Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Absorptive

Question 5

PROTOZOA

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Unicellular or Multicellular
Mode of nutrition

Answer 5

Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Ingestive

Question 6

ALGAE

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Unicellular or Multicellular
Mode of nutrition

Answer 6

Eukaryotes
Uni/Multi BOTH
Photosynthetic

Question 7

3 major shapes of bacteria

Answer 7

1. Bacillus (rod- shaped)
2. Coccus (spherical- shaped)
3. Spiral-shaped

Question 8

What is the cell arrangement for streptococci?

Answer 8

A chain of coccus shaped bacteria

Question 9

What is the cell arrangement for tetrad?

Answer 9

4 coccus shaped bacteria

Question 10

What is the cell arrangement for sarcinae?

Answer 10

8 coccus shaped bacteria

Question 11

What is the cell arrangement for staphylococci?

Answer 11

A cluster of coccus shaped bacteria

Question 12

What is the cell arrangement for streptobacilli?

Answer 12

A chain of bacillus shaped bacteria

Question 13

What is the cell arrangement for coccobacillus?

Answer 13

A shape of bacteria in-between a coccus and bacillus

Question 14

What are the 3 types of spiral- shaped bacteria?

Answer 14

Vibrio (coma)
Spirilium (loose spirals)
Spirochete (tight spirals)

Question 15

Compare yeasts from molds?

Answer 15

Similarities: Both Fungi and are Eukaryotic

Differences: Yeast is unicellular
Mold is multicellular

Question 16

What is hypha?

What is mycelium?

Answer 16

Hyphae- single muscle fibers
Mycelium- groups of hyphae

Groups of mycelium = mold

Question 17

What is pseudo-mycelium and how is it formed?

Answer 17

It is a false mycelium. It is when 2 yeast cells do not seperate.

Question 18

What are the 4 classes of protozoans on how they move?

Answer 18

1- Sporazoa= no movement, moves through biological vecture
ex. mosquito
2- Sarcodina= “fake foot” pseudopidia
ex. amoeba
3. Flagellate= movement by a flagella, tail
4. Ciliata= movement by cilia, little hairs

Question 19

Why are viruses called acellular obligate intracellular parasites?

Answer 19

They are not made up of cells

Question 20

What makes viruses different from the other microorganisms?

Answer 20

Viruses are very specific to the host cells.

Question 21

Where can you find microorganisms in nature?

Answer 21

EVERYWHERE

Question 22

What are factors that are required for microorganisms to grow?

Answer 22

Food
water
proper O2
Temp
pH

Question 23

What happens if one or two of the growth requirements in not met for microoragnisms?

Answer 23

The microorganisms will not grow

Question 24

Who discovered the microbial world?

Answer 24

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 25

Who was named the Father of protozoology and bacteriology?

Answer 25

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 26

What is spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 26

Organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter

Question 27

Who believed in spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 27

Aristotle Van Helmont John Needham Comte de Buffon

Question 28

Who did not believe in spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 28

Redi Spallanzani Pasteur

Question 29

Who said that mice arose form old rags and wheat stored in the dark?

Answer 29

Van Helmont

Question 30

Who showed that maggots do not spontaneously arise from rotting meat?

Answer 30

Redi

Question 31

Who finally disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur

Question 32

What were the early ideas about infectious diseases?

Answer 32

Evil spirits, sin, supernatural forces, and vapors

Question 33

What is the germ theory of diseases? | And who proposed it?

Answer 33

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs) | Proposed by Pasteur

Question 34

Who showed that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax and Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis?

Answer 34

Robert Koch

Question 35

What are Koch's postulates? (4 steps) | What is the significance of these steps?

Answer 35

1- Microorganisms present in every case of the disease 2- Microorganisms must be grown in pure culture 3- Same disease when second host inoculated with pure culture 4- Microorganisms must be isolated from the infected host To show a microbe causes a specific disease

Question 36

What nurse is responsible for hand washing?

Answer 36

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 37

What nurse is responsible for introducing the septic technique? (separating dirty & clean linens)

Answer 37

Florence Nightingale