Chp 6: Learning Flashcards
Learning
A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as result of an experience
Conditioning
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
Associative learning
Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
Classical conditioning
Process by which we learn to associate stimuli to anticipated events
-The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
-Discovered by Ivan Pavlov through dogs
Habitual learning
The process of creating systematic habits designed to facilitate learning
-Develop a habit
-Good habits
Unconditioned stimulus - UCS
A stimulus that elicits (brings on) a reflexive (automatic) response
Unconditioned response - UCR
A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
Conditioned stimulus - CS
A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditional stimulus
Conditional response - CR
Behavior caused by condition stimulus
Neutral stimulus - NS
Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
Factors that affect conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Timing
John B. Watson
Developed behaviorism, observing and controlling behaviors with conditioning and influence. Watson believed that all human behavior is the result of conditioning and learning.
Operant learning
Process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences
Negative reinforcement
An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior
-Example: A car makes a dinging sound until you put your seat belt on, the dinging sound is the removed undesirable stimulus
Positive reinforcement
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior
-Example: A will parent give a chocolate bar to their child once their room is clean, the chocolate bar is the added desirable stimulus
Negative punishment
Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior
-Example: Parent takes away their child’s phone for not cleaning their room, the phone is the removed desirable stimulus
Positive punishment
Add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior
-Example: Parents gives their child another chore for not cleaning their room, the additional chore is the added undesirable stimulus
Fixed interval reinforcement
Where a reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurred after a present time interval has elapsed
-Example: Salesmen A is paid every 2 weeks, this is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Where a reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses
Example: Salesmen B is paid for every 50 sales, this is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
Fixed ratio
is where a reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.
Observational learning models
1) Lie model: The in person model
2) Verbal model: Explains and describes
3) Symbolic model: Demonstrated behaviors in books, movies, TV
Stimulus generalization
“The more similar a stimulus is to the condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response.”
Learned response to not only the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well
-Ex: Learning the doctors gives you a shot
Stimulus discrimination
“When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar.”
Occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
-Ex: Bit by a dog, conclusion that all dogs bite
Higher order conditioning or second order conditioning
A conditioned stimulus that is now a known/established stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus alone brings on the conditioned response.
Ex- Cat has learned that the ringed bell means the food is coming and comes over
Can opener sound to get food (neutral stimulus) is paired with the bell
Now every time the can opener is used the cat thinks its getting food
Acquisition
When an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Timing
Conditioning is most effective when conditioned stimulus is presented immediately before unconditioned stimulus half a second to a few seconds
