Chp 6: Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as result of an experience

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Process by which we learn to associate stimuli to anticipated events
-The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
-Discovered by Ivan Pavlov through dogs

Question 5

Habitual learning

Answer 5

The process of creating systematic habits designed to facilitate learning
-Develop a habit
-Good habits

Question 6

Unconditioned stimulus - UCS

Answer 6

A stimulus that elicits (brings on) a reflexive (automatic) response

Question 7

Unconditioned response - UCR

Answer 7

A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus - CS

Answer 8

A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditional stimulus

Question 9

Conditional response - CR

Answer 9

Behavior caused by condition stimulus

Question 10

Neutral stimulus - NS

Answer 10

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 11

Factors that affect conditioning

Answer 11

Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Timing

Question 12

John B. Watson

Answer 12

Developed behaviorism, observing and controlling behaviors with conditioning and influence. Watson believed that all human behavior is the result of conditioning and learning.

Question 13

Operant learning

Answer 13

Process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences

Question 14

Negative reinforcement

Answer 14

An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

-Example: A car makes a dinging sound until you put your seat belt on, the dinging sound is the removed undesirable stimulus

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior

-Example: A will parent give a chocolate bar to their child once their room is clean, the chocolate bar is the added desirable stimulus

Question 16

Negative punishment

Answer 16

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

-Example: Parent takes away their child’s phone for not cleaning their room, the phone is the removed desirable stimulus

Question 17

Positive punishment

Answer 17

Add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

-Example: Parents gives their child another chore for not cleaning their room, the additional chore is the added undesirable stimulus

Question 18

Fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 18

Where a reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurred after a present time interval has elapsed

-Example: Salesmen A is paid every 2 weeks, this is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 19

Fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 19

Where a reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses

Example: Salesmen B is paid for every 50 sales, this is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 20

Fixed ratio

Answer 20

is where a reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.

Question 21

Observational learning models

Answer 21

1) Lie model: The in person model
2) Verbal model: Explains and describes
3) Symbolic model: Demonstrated behaviors in books, movies, TV

Question 22

Stimulus generalization

Answer 22

“The more similar a stimulus is to the condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response.”
Learned response to not only the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well
-Ex: Learning the doctors gives you a shot

Question 23

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 23

“When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar.”
Occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
-Ex: Bit by a dog, conclusion that all dogs bite

Question 24

Higher order conditioning or second order conditioning

Answer 24

A conditioned stimulus that is now a known/established stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus alone brings on the conditioned response.
Ex- Cat has learned that the ringed bell means the food is coming and comes over
Can opener sound to get food (neutral stimulus) is paired with the bell
Now every time the can opener is used the cat thinks its getting food

Question 25

Acquisition

Answer 25

When an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

Timing

Answer 26

Conditioning is most effective when conditioned stimulus is presented immediately before unconditioned stimulus half a second to a few seconds