Chp 5—Stereochemistry Flashcards
of stereoisomers =
2^n, if n = chiral centers in molecule
(+) rotation of light
dextrorotary
(-) rotation of light
levorotary
atropisomers
conformational isomers that are stable, isolable compounds - bond rotation is restricted by sterics (large molecules) or double/triple bonds
internal racemic mixture
meso
separation of enantiomers
resolution
chemical resolution
racemic mixture reacts with pure enantiomer of a compound - forms diastereomers
kinetic resolution
downside
one enantiomer reacts quickly, the other slowly
May use enzymes specific to one enantiomer
Lose ½ of compound to reactions
chromatographic resolution
use chiral column - enantiomers form bands based on how tightly they are bound to column
highest tech resolution
chiral HPLC
solvent
water
PP
solvent
Acetic acid
PP
solvent
Acetone
PP
solvent
Acetonitrile
PA
solvent
DCM
PA
solvent
DMSO
PA
solvent
DMF
PA
solvent
tetrachloromethane
PA
solvent
Tetrahydrofuran
PA
walden inversion
Nu attacks substrate at 180° from LG - configuration of groups on stereoatom invert 100%
provides alcohol group for Sn2
NaOH
provides ether for Sn2
NaOR
provides thiol for Sn2
NaSH
provides thioether for Sn2
NaSR
provides nitrile for SN2
CN-
provides ether for Sn2
RCOOH
GOOD Nu for Sn2
- negative
- sterically unhindered/linear
- strong bases
- low EN
- large and polarizable
Sn2 favored by ____ solvents
PA
why does a PA solvent favor SN2?
the (-) part of solvent surrounds the (+) counterion on Nu, leaving Nu “naked”
crown ethers used for…
Sn2
GOOD LG for Sn2
- greater EN than C
- leaves as a stable weak base
- become neutral upon leaving
substrates favored by Sn2
methyl, 1°
substrates favored by Sn1
benzyl, allyl, 3°
rds in Sn1
step 1 - LG leaving
Hammond-Leffler postulate
TS structure resembles stable species closest in energy profile to the TS
3 factors affecting CC+ stability
- resonance
- inductive effects
- hyperconjugation
GOOD LG for Sn1
- larger LG
- weaker bases after departure
Sn1 favored by ____ solvents
PP
Why do PP solvents favor Sn1?
H+ solvates (-) halide after breakage of bond; carbocation is solvated by the (-) pole of the solvent
solvolysis
Nu is a molecule of the solvent
what most effects whether Sn1 will occur and how fast?
CC+ stability