Chp 2—IMFs, Acid-Base

Question 1

bond dipole moment

Answer 1

vector quantity that measures polarity of covalent bond

Question 2

bond dipole equation

Answer 2

μ = d(δ)

μ = dipole moment

d = distance between atoms

δ = charge

Question 3

resultant dipole

Answer 3

dipole moment of entire molecule

Question 4

melting point

Answer 4

temperature at which equilibrium exists between crystalline solid state and liquid state

Question 5

boiling point

Answer 5

temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid equals pressure of the atmosphere around the liquid

Question 6

ion-ion force

Answer 6

electrostatic attraction

results in ionic bonds

BP, MP is very high

Question 7

strongest IMF

Answer 7

ion-ion force

Question 8

3 VDW forces

Answer 8

dipole dipole

london dispersion

hydrogen bonding

Question 9

2 factors related to magnitude of dispersion forces

Answer 9

1. polarizability — related to size — atoms with larger atomic radii have greater dispersion forces, as e- are further from nucleus
2. surface area — linear molecules have more dispersion forces than branced/spherical molecules

Question 10

attraction in H bonding is between….

Answer 10

highly positive H + lone pairs on N, O, F of other molecules

Question 11

strength of 3 hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

HF > HO > HN

Question 12

Arrhenius theory

Answer 12

Acid: produces H+ in water

Base: produces OH- in water

Question 13

Bronsted theory

Answer 13

Acid: proton donor

Base: proton acceptor

Question 14

Lewis theory

Answer 14

Acid: e- acceptor

Base: e- donor

Question 15

polar double bonds act as Lewis _____

Answer 15

acids

Question 16

5 effects on acid strength

Answer 16

1. EN of atom connected to H (higher = more acidic)
2. size of atom connected to H (larger = more acidic)
3. orbital character of atom connected to H (more s character = more acidic)
4. delocalization of charge in conj. anion base (more resonance structure in conj base = more acidic)
5. inductive effects (higher EN of inductive group, shorter distance, higher number of inductive groups = more acidic)

Question 17

equilibrium favors side of rxn with ____ pka and _____ acid

Answer 17

higher pKa

weaker acid

Question 18

acid strength increases as you move ______ the PT

Answer 18

right and down

Question 19

electrophile

Answer 19

electron poor

cations

seek e-

Lewis acids

Question 20

nucleophile

Answer 20

electron rich

anions

seek to donate e-

Lewis bases

Question 21

_______ attack _______; start arrow from…

Answer 21

nucleophiles attack electrophiles

start arrow from nucleophile