Chp 20 - GOOD Flashcards
pavlovian conditioning
conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus (no association originally)
unconditioned stimulus alone has an unconditioned response
conditioning causes the learned association of CS and US to create a CR that results from learning the association
What “ingredients” necessary to allow for conditioning
- unconditioned stimulus (which creates its own automatic response (UR))
- unconditioned response which is the automatic response
- conditioned stimulus (is a neutral stimulus that naturally has no relationship to the US)
- conditioned response (when learning of association between CS and US, this response is created and observed)
what is referred to as the reinforcer and why
US because the CR depends on the US for it’s existence
when does extinction take place
when a CR has been developed but then the CS gets presented without the US, will eventually stop the CR from occurring from only the CS and no US
what is spontaneous recovery
if after CR is created, then extinction occurs (no US presented) and time passes then CS is again presented, the animal CR will temporarily reappear
what is higher order conditioning
after CS has been paired with US lots, it can be used like the US. the CS develops reinforcing properties because of its association made
in what case is conditioning found to be most difficult
when CS is displayed after US
types of clinical psychology strategies that use classical conditioning
- extinction 2. flooding 3. systematic desensitization 4. counterconditioning
contributions from pavlon
- dynamics of CS-US relationship
- response acquisition
- extinction and spontaneous recovery
- theory about anticipatory learning
- treatment of CS as a signal event
What theory did darwin create
evolution of emotional expression
(that expressions seems to accompany same emotional state in the individual) (that mental/emotional state is linked with movement)
what are the three components that make up darwins evolution of emotional expression theory
- expressions of emotion - expression of emotions evolve from behaviours that indicate what an animal will likely do next
- signals and evolution - if beneficial behaviours result from signals, the will evolve to enhance that function between behaviour and signal so it is not lost
- principle of antithesis - opposite messages are signaled by opposite movements (angry then angry)
Explain the early theories of emotion
james lange = 1st, perception, react, feel fear
common sense view = perception, feel, react
MODERN VIEW = all are connected
what does the hypothalamus and cortex do in regards to anger
hypothalamus is critical for expression of anger responses
cortex is critical for for inhibiting and directing these responses
two divisions of ANS and function
- parasympathetic - rest and digest, conserve energy
- sympathetic - prepares body for intense physical activity, fight or flight
the structures of what system form the anatomical basis of emotions
limbic system which act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states
experiment of medial temporal lobe damage on emotional behaviours (4 results)
- psychic blindness - dont recognize familiar objects or people
- oral tendencies - put anything and everything into their mouths
- emotional changes - didnt show normal reactions
- changes in sexual behaviour - hypersexuality
what 4 major subgroups can the amygdala be divided into
central, basolateral, olfactory, and medial
central amygdala functions
(connections with brain stem and hypothalamus)
parabrachial - arousal and attention
caudal - modulate breathing
periaqueductal - freezing in rats
basolateral amygdala functions
(thalamus, cortex, and ventral striatum)
receives info from all sensory stimuli
reward system and lots of information to it
medial amygdala
(hypothalamus and olfactory system connections)
electrophysiology of amygdala
variety of evoked responses by neurons intrinsic to the amygdala and these neurons response to various sensory modalities
evoked responses to sensory stimuli habituate quickly unless
neurons are responsive to a rewards (positive and negative valence)
ex. change quickly if reward to consequence is involved (foot shock present or not)
What experiments were used to suggest that amygdala might be involved in learning
CER, conditioned bradycardia, fear potentiated startle reflex, conditioned freezing, conditioned analgesia
CER training
hungry rats to press bar for food, and randomly present tone which is associated with foot shock.
when press bar during tone the rat would freeze because learn association.
damage to basolateral amygdala did not press the bar less even if tone occurred
conditioned bradycardia
one tone meant no foot shock, other tone meant foot shock
with central or basolateral amygdala lesions cannot discriminate between two tones
fear potentiated startle reflex
light turns on and foot shock
noise happens and foot shock
both noise and light makes mega startle
without amygdala, cannot show combined startle
amygdala damage still show normal ____ response but are impaired at _____
unconditioned fear response (still are clearly scared)
are impaired at conditioned fear/ impair classical conditioning
amygdala damage to second order conditioning
uses CS to reinforce second discrimination
damage = can show normal first acquisition but not second
magnitude of reinforcement
rats running down a track with lots of food at the end, speed of running is used to measure their learning
reduce food and then run slower
damage to amygdala couldnt do this and change speed depending on reward
CPP
two different chambers and two different environments (dark and triangle vs. light and square)
would provide reward in one of the chambers
with inactive amygdala, cannot discriminate
neophobia experiment
damage to amygdala, damage to hippocampus, or combination, control
recovery, exposed to lots of different foods.
control only eats rat chow because familiar and know won’t kill it, amygdala damage only eat cookies because it is yummy and have no association
behavioural systems are designed to do what
enable organisms to solve fundamental problems associated with survival
the fear system can be activated by what two things
- innate danger signals
- learned danger signals - allowed by learned experiences
What are the three major players in the concept of fear as a defensive behaviour and what did they do
- robert bolles - species specific defense responses
- michael fanselow (also blanchard’s) - predatory imminence gradient = it depends on how far away the predator is to determine how individual will react (close will attack, far will freeze)
explain neural system that supports fear behaviour
this system can be modified by experience
sensory input is the CS -> which lateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the sensory thalamus, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus -> lateral nucleus connects to basal nucleus which contains both fear and extinction neurons while the central amygdala control midbrain structures that support expression of fear -> when central amygdala neurons depolarize, activate midbrain nuclei to generate defensive behaviours -> this depolarization and activation of behaviours only occur if ITC-b (inhibitory intercalate neurons) that normally inhibit central amygdala can be removed by activation of ITC-a cluster
What two types of neurons does the basal nucleus contain and where to they project to
- fear neurons - active when fear behaviours are expressed - project to central nucleus (to activate behaviours) and to prelimbic region of prefrontal cortex
- extinction neurons - active when fear is extinguished/done - project to ITC-b cells
where is plasticity located in the fear system
lateral nucleus (site of engram during fear conditioning)
and fear neurons in basal nucleus and prelimbic amplify the plasticity signal
What are the two theories of extinction
- associative loss hypothesis - believes extinction is due to CS alone presentation which complete eliminates association of CS-US
- competing memory hypothesis - extinction produces a new association of CS-noUS association. so CS-US association still remains, but instead the CS-noUS association takes over and inhibits the expression of CR that would usually happen
What three findings reject associative loss hypothesis
- spontaneous recovery
- renewal effect (CS-US training in one environment and then have extinction trained in another location, when brought back to CS-US environment training, the CR still occurs even after extinction)
- reinstatement effect (CS-US training, but then just US can reinstate CS to evoke a CR
how do ITCs inhibit the generation of defensive behaviours
receive CS information from basolateral amygdala and project to central amygdala.
when activated, release GABA, inhibitory nt and prevent target neurons from depolarizing and generating behaviour in the central amygdala
(also neurons in infralimbic prefrontal cortex also project to ITCs)
how do ITCs inhibit the generation of defensive behaviours
receive CS information from basolateral amygdala and project to central amygdala.
when activated, release GABA, inhibitory nt and prevent target neurons from depolarizing and generating behaviour in the central amygdala
(also neurons in infralimbic prefrontal cortex also project to ITCs)
what happens to infant rats when experience extinction training
do not exhibit spontaneous recovery, renewal or recovery
How are perineuronal nets linked to different outcomes produced by extinction
- in early development of perineuronal nets that surround spines, they are immature, and extinction training can erase the fear memory
- when nets are mature, extinction training does not erase fear memory and extinction is due to new learning
