Chp 19 - GOOD

Question 1

instrumental learning/behaviour

Answer 1

how behaviour is modified by the outcome it produces, in response

Question 2

what does hull refer to habit strength as

Answer 2

strength of association between a stimulus and a response, as number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and response go up, habit strength associated with it also goes up

Question 3

anatomy of dorsal lateral striatum

Answer 3

receives lots of sensory information representing world and receives information about limb and whole body movements.
has topographical organization (everything directed to specific spots)

Question 4

Neurons in the dorsal lateral striatum display evoked responses to what and why is that important

Answer 4

sensory cues and motor responses, display sensory evoked responses when it the stimulus is linked with a conditioned movement
nice because it is set up for stimulus response association because it collects sensory and motor information at same time)

Question 5

design and experiments of dorsal lateral striatum on radial maze

Answer 5

1 group with damaged dorsal lateral other group no damage. trained on 8 arm radial maze, each day 4 random arms would change that light up. very habit like, if rat goes into light up arm, would get reinforced

results = not impaired had high accuracy by the end, impaired group not so successful

Question 6

skilled reaching design and results on dorsal lateral and dorsal medial striatum

Answer 6

start at back of rectangle box, go to other end and use paw to reach for food through small opening. used olfactory not sight
damage to lateral, medium, and control

Question 7

design and results of operant chamber on dorsal lateral striatum

Answer 7

different ways to receive food/reinforcement
tone-lever-food or light-chain-food (stimulus response associations)
control had great acquisition, damage could not

Question 8

possible problem/other possibility with operant chamber experiment and what was done to account for it (2)

Answer 8

believed dorsolateral striatum might simply cause motor problem and therefore cannot perform in experiment (couldn’t move and therefore received less reinforcement therefore couldn’t association as much)

1. instead of pressing lots of times in order to receive reinforcement, just press once and receive
2. the trial was only ended once the subject successfully completed and received the reinforcement equal amount of times

deficits still remained and performed worse! so not only motor problem causing differences. BAD RETENTION AND ACQUISITION

Question 9

function of dorsolateral striatum

Answer 9

causes movements that lead to reinforcement of specific stimuli, is involved in accuracy and fine tuning improvement of motor responses. discriminate against motor habits and deals with associative conditioning specific to reinforced cues

Question 10

dorsal medial striatum function

Answer 10

cognitive control of behavioural flexibility. interact with hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to influence voluntary behaviour

(behavioural flexibility, attentional processes, and goal directed behaviour)

Question 11

one trial place learning experiment with damage to DMS and _____ and why

Answer 11

show increased path length, less successful
because has significant connectivity with prefrontal cortex which also is important in the function of behavioural flexibility

damage to prefrontal cortex also display less successful

Question 12

what two structures make up the functional circuit for behavioural flexibility on a task mediated by the _____

Answer 12

medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal medial striatum
hippocampus

Question 13

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 13

that outcomes produced as a result of a behaviour, either strengthen or weaken an existing stimulus-response connection

Question 14

Tolman’s cognitive expectancy theory

Answer 14

instrumental behaviours are organized around goals and mediated by expectancies.
expectancy is a 3 term association stimulus-representation of a response- representation of an outcome of the response (believes there is an expectancy, that we store and detect information in our brain about the relationships of events)

Question 15

Combining the theories of Thorndike and Tolman, what categories of instrumental behaviour were created? explain the difference between them (vs)

Answer 15

action (tolman) and habits (thorndike)
actions = purposeful, goal directed, rapid, sensitive to response outcomes, requires expectancies
habits = not goal directed or purposeful, insensitive to response outcomes

Question 16

experiment to tell if instrumental behaviour is action or habit

Answer 16

reward devaluation strategy (changes the value of the outcome) and provides evidence it isn’t habit or would pick the same thing no matter what

triangle and cylinder (raisins under and grapes under)
another puzzle square and diamond (nuts and chocolate)
give monkey triangle and square but give lots of nuts before, there pick triangle because don’t want nuts again

Question 17

instrumental behaviours are initially controlled by ____ system but then become ____ . what evidence to support this?

Answer 17

actions
habitats
reward devaluation works at the start when controlled by actions, but later not once they become habits, it has no effect.
both can work together at some points too well better learned but not exactly a habit yet

Question 18

conceptual model for actions and habits

Answer 18

experience in represented in two levels of the brain. with limited training, action system occurs in level II. if reward then it occurs in level II and project back to level I to generate instrumental behaviour. if devalued/no reward, does not project into level II and level I response is not activated and no instrumental behaviour
with extended training, habits are formed, representations in level I are strong enough that do not need to project to level II.

Question 19

what does the prelimbic prefrontal cortex do

Answer 19

critical for acquisitions of associations that support an action because when damaged before training, reward devaluation has no effect, making behaviour only a habit but if damaged after, devaluation has an effect and is not a place for STORING because after learning and damage prelimbic, reward devaluation still occurs

Question 20

damage to dorsolateral striatum in actions and memories

Answer 20

after extensive training reward devaluation still has an effect meaning that the behaviours can never be formed into habits because of the damage to the dorsolateral striatum

Question 21

effect of infralimibic medial prefrontal cortex on action and habits

Answer 21

damage prior to training means no habits forming
damaged after training, the rats still lose their habits and are still sensitive to reward devaluation
THEREFORE even with extensive training, infralimbic region comes to not allow habits from forming (need infralimbic for habits!)

Question 22

contributions of prelimbic and infralimbic regions of prefrontal cortex to create instrumental behaviours

Answer 22

limited training is controlled by prelimbic which creates instrumental behavior (no habit)
extensive training = infralimbic suppresses action system from being involved and instrumental behaviour is instead produced by habit system
if no infralimbic system, then action system only controls because cannot be suppressed