Chapt. 20 - Emotions Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov developed the fundamental methodology for studying
associative learning
in pavlovian conditioning method, two events called the ___ and ___ are presented together
the ___ evokes the response called the ____
assume that the ___ evokes the ____ because the ____ gets associated with the ____
conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)
CS, CR (conditioned response)
CS, CR, CS, US
define pavlovian conditioning
conditioned learning where two stimuli are linked together, which aren’t naturally linked, to produce a new learned response.
Pavlov wasn’t a trained psychologist, but became famous for creating the theory of classical conditioning. What was he studying in order to create this theory
Focused on digestion. He measured stomach secretions as the dog was exposed to meat power and noticed mere sight of food caused dog salivation (also noticed entry of experimenter of footsteps could cause association and have the dog salivate
What are the ingredients necessary to bring about conditioning
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
define unconditioned stimulus
elicits a natural and automatic response from the organism (UR)
define unconditioned response
natural and automatic, involuntary response elicited by the US
Define conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that does not elicit a natural and automatic response from the organism (ex. ringing bell which CAUSES salivation)
Define conditioned response
automatic response established by TRAINING to an ordinarily neutral stimulus
When is experimental extinction said to occur in conditioned learning
decrease in response (CR) to a CS that occurs when the stimulus is presented without the reinforcement
Define reinforcer in conditioned learning
the unconditioned stimulus is the reinforcer because the response (CR) depends on the US for existence
Define spontaneous recovery in conditioned learning
after extinction and time has passed, if the CS is presented again, the CR will temporarily reappear. the CR has spontaneous recover even though there had been no further pairings (practice) between the CS and US
What does spontaneous recover imply about learning
the difference between learning and behaviour (just that the learning is still stored in the brain, but isn’t being performed through behaviour)
Define high order conditioning/second order conditioning
after a CS is paired with a US for many trials, the CS can be used like the US. the CS can develop reinforcing properties (first made/learned to be valueable and then actually has value –> ex. money)
What two things are important to determine the significance of the relationship between the CS and US
- optimal interval of presentation between the CS and US to take place most rapidly is 0.5 - 1 second
- CS needs to come before US. if comes after the US, conditioning is difficult
Why is extinction not an affective strategy when dealing with addiction
because it is hard to recreate real life conditions in a lab with addiction and there is no evidence that it takes away the CS and US association which is the whole point. it doesnt disappear with extinction
define counterconditioning
a technique to attempt to change the reaction to be the opposite of previous reaction to the stimulus (change fear of public speaking to associate it with something nice instead)
Define flooding technique
used in phobias. massive exposure to fear inducing cues. problem is, although fast technique, some people get better and some get worse. many clients dropout because would rather avoid the fear.
Define systematic desensitization
ex. fear of flying, setup list that will expose person slowing to fear. (talk about a plane, look at a plane, sit on a plane turned off, etc… then fly!)
5 pavlon contributions
- dynamics of CS-US relationship
- course of response acquisition
- extinction and spontaneous recovery
- created first theory concerned with anticipatory learning
- treatment of CS as a signal even was unique
Explain Darwins theory of the evolution of emotional expression
that particular emotional responses such as facial expressions seem to accompany the same emotional state in members (link mental state with organization of movement, there is some sort of emotional state in behaviour)
Darwin’s theory of evolution of emotional expression is composed of what three main ideas
- expressions of emotion
- signals and evolution
- principle of antithesis
Define expressions of emotions in Darwin’s theory
expressions of emotion evolve from behaviours that indicate what animal is likely to do next (emotions are a signal, letting you know)
Define signals and evolution in Darwin’s theory
if signals provided by such behaviours benefit the animal that displays them, they will evolve in ways that enhance the communication function and the original function may even be lost
Define principle of antithesis in Darwin’s theory
the opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures
Explain James-Lange view on the theories of emotion
was the first physiological theory of emotion. perception/see –> physiological reactions (ANS body reactions) –> then feel emotion (ex. fear)
Explain Canon-Bard view on the theories of emotion
after james-lange’s theory, perception/see –> then both feeling of emotion and physiological reactions that could only be dissociated in experimental ways.
Explain the common sense view of the theories of emotions
perception/see –> feeling of emotion –> physiological reactions