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Biology 1002 > Chp 18.5 > Flashcards

Chp 18.5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Genus

A

Is a group that includes a number of very closely related species; each of these species within a genus includes populations of organisms that can potentially interbreed under natural conditions (genus Sialia (bluebirds) includes three species: the eastern bluebird and the mountain bluebird

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1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying organisms. - Established by Swedish naturalist Carl von Linne (1707-1778), who called himself Carolus Linnaeus.

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2
Q

Scientific Name

A

its the name of an organism that designates its genus and species. binomial nomenclature. Genus name appears first, followed by the species. Genus Cap species lower case. used for overcoming language barrier.

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3
Q

Species

A

Organisms that can potentially interbreed under natural conditions.

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4
Q

Taxonomic Ranks (the Linnaean Classification System)

A
  1. Domain, 2. Kingdom, 3. Phylum, 4. Class, 5. Order, 6. Family , 7. Genus , 8. Species.
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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history, process of classification.

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6
Q

Systematics

A

The science of reconstructing phylogeny. Evolutionary trees called clades. Seeks to reconstruct the tree of life. They also look at anatomical characteristics such as body structure and internal structure. Therefore, they must also share genetic similarities for such characteristics.

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7
Q

Clades

A

Groups of the systematics classification system that include species linked by descent from a common ancestor. Like the taxonomic ranks, can be arranged in a hierarchy with smaller clades nested within larger ones. Evolutionary trees.

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8
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

Determining the sequence of nucleotides in segments of DNA. Organisms genotypes to investigate relatedness among different types of organisms. Closely related species have similar DNA Sequences. Sometimes also in Chromosomes.

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9
Q

Carl Woese

A

Microbiologist pioneer. Showed that biologists had overlooked a key even in the early history of life, one that demanded a new and more accurate classification of life. Studied the biochemistry of prokaryotic organisms by studying nucleotide sequences of the RNA. Differentiated Bacteria and the Archaea.

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10
Q

Biodiversity

A

The total range of species diversity.

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11
Q

What are the Domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Within Eukarya: fungi, plantae and animalia are monophyletic clades.

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12
Q

How many species exist?

A

1.5 million have been named; estimates of the total number of species range up to 100 million. 7,000 to 10,000 new species identified per year.

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14
Q

Bacteria

A

constitute a large domain (or kingdom) of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and deep in the Earth’s crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches.

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15
Q

Archaea

A

Single cell organisms ; These microbes have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells.

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15
Q

Domain

A

The broadest category for classifying organisms; organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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16
Q

Eukarya

A

an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried.

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17
Q

Kingdom

A

The second broadest taxonomic category, consisting of related phyla. Related kingdoms make up a domain.

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18
Q

Phylum

A

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic rank composed of related classes. Related phyla make up a kingdom.

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19
Q

Class

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic rank composed of related orders. Closely related classes form a phylum.

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20
Q

Order

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic rank composed of related families. Related orders make up a class.

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21
Q

Family

A

Taxonomic rank composed of related genera. Closely related families make up an order.

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22
Q

Genus

A

Ranks above species and below families.

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23
Q

What is the main reason scientists use Latin scientific names?

A

Latin names are recognized worldwide, overcoming language barriers.

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24
Q

What is the correct way to write the scientific name of the wolf?

A

Canis lupus.

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25
Q

The largest or most inclusive group?

A

Phylum

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26
Q

Flagellum or Flagella

A

A long, hair-like, motile extension of the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells, it contains microtubules arranged in a 9 +2 pattern. The movement of flagella propel some cells through fluids. Motile – they can move about.

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28
Q

Biofilms

A

A community of prokaryotes of one or more species, in which the prokaryotes secrete and are embedded in slime that adheres to a surface. Resistant to antibacterial treatment.

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28
Q

Bacteria and Archaea consist of

A

Prokatyotes

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29
Q

Endospores

A

Forms inside bacterium. Contains a genetic material and a few enzymes encased within a thick protective coat. -A protective resting structure of some rod-shaped bacteria that withstands unfavorable environmental conditions.

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30
Q

Prokaryote are anaerobes

A

Their metabolisms do not require oxygen. It allows them to inhabit oxygen-free environments and allows prokaryotes to exploit habitats that are off-limits to eukaryotes. –Organism that can live and grow without oxygen.

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31
Q

Mutations

A

Source of genetic variability, are the results of mistakes in DNA replication during cell division. In bacteria, since they reproduce at a much higher rate, this amplifies the rate at which it can mutate and allow for survival and spread quickly.

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32
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexually reproduction; a form of cell division that is much simpler than mitotic cell division. It produces genetically identical copies of the original cell. Occurs every 20 minutes.
A rapid reproductive rate allows for rapid evolution and mutations in DNA spread.

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34
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange genetic information without reproducing. The plasma membranes of two conjugating prokaryotes fuse temporarily to form a cytoplasmic bridge across which DNA travels. (in bacteria, a specialized extension is called a sex pili that attaches to a recipient cell, drawing it closer to allow conjugation)

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35
Q

Plasmid

A

Where much of the DNA transferred during bacterial conjugation is contained; a small circular DNA molecule that is separate from the single bacterial chromosome. Carry genes for for antibiotic resistance or alleles of genes also found on the main bacterial chromosome.

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36
Q

Diverse metabolisms on Prokaryotes

A

Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs

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37
Q

Autotrophs:

A

Use carbon dioxide (co2) sunlight for photosynthesis

38
Q

Heterotrophs:

A

Consume organic compounds (sugar, protein)

39
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use inorganic substances to create energy (ammonia, sulfur) First organisms to inhabit Earth.

40
Q

Anaerobes:

A

Grow in the absence of oxygen: - Botox -

41
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease-producing bacteria: ex Tetanus, Lyme disease, Bubonic plague (black Death)

42
Q

Tetanus

A

Puncture wound ; grows producing a paralyzing poison

43
Q

Lyme

A

Flu-like symptoms that can lead to arthritis and heart and nervous system problems.

44
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

Spread by rat fleas; Killed 100 million people in the 1300

45
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial disease disappear and then reoccur

46
Q

Gonorrhea and syphilis

A

epidemic proportions around the globe

47
Q

Cholera

A

in undeveloped countries

48
Q

Leaf-eating animals & Bacteria

A

rabbits and other herbivores digest cellulose and depend on digestive tract bacteria to break down cellulose in the cell walls of plants and release the nutrients in the cells

49
Q

Plants and bacteria

A

Plants cannot metabolize the nitrogen available as gas in the air. - Nitrogen fixing bacteria may present in the soil or in specialized nodules in some plant roots, convert atmospheric n2gas to nh4(ammonium) that plants can use directly

50
Q

how is bacteria useful?

A

Cheese and yogurt and other human foods are produced by bacterial action. Bacteria in our intestines produce vitamins.

51
Q

Prokaryote are natures recyclers how?

A

They obtain energy by breaking down complex organic molecules into the basic building blocks of biomolecules. **

52
Q

Prokaryotes can clean up pollution how?

A

human made substances are biodegradable by some bacterial species- oil eating bacteria were used in cleaning up exxon oil spill disaster

53
Q

Bioremediation

A

The practice of manipulating conditions to stimulate breakdown of pollutants by living organisms.

54
Q

Viruses, viroids, and prions

A

Smaller than bacteria, biological entities derived from organisms
- don’t grow, maintain homeostasis, cannot respond to stimuli, cannot acquire nutrients by themselves or pass on DNA

55
Q

Metric Range of numbers

A

10^6- 10^-12 metric prefix table range.

56
Q

Viruses and parasites

A

Cannot grow or reproduce on their own and thus parasitize living cells. - have a specialized protein coat that enables entry into a host cell. 0 viral material hijacks the host cells to produce new viral components - viral components assemble rapidly into new viruses and burst from the host cell.

57
Q

Viruses consist of

A

a molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat - protein coat may be surrounded by an envelope formed from the plasma membrane of the host cell.

58
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Bacteria infected by virus. - It can treat bacterial diseases. - specifically target host bacteria- harmless to human body cells. - might be useful to bring to DNA to the system.

59
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Viruses- hide within cells and are hard to detect. - HIV attacks a specific white blood cell type, causing AIDS. - Cold viruses attack membranes of the respiratory tract.- Rabies

60
Q

Viroids

A

Simpler than a virus, infectius agents. Particles only short RNA strands (no protein coat) - enter a host cell nucleus and direct new viroid synthesis - several crop diseases are caused by viroids. (cucumber pale fruit disease as ex.)

61
Q

Viruses can be acquired and inherited.

A

Kuru, resembles certain other diseases. Some diseases can’t be found until you’re dead.

62
Q

Prions

A

parasitic, Tough, escape the acidic attack of digestive enzymes almost unscathed. - a second type of normal protein (ferritin) which stores iron and is abundant in meat, reacts similar.

63
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacterium

A

A bacterium that possesses the ability to remove nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere and combine it with hydrogen to produce ammonium (NH+4), a nitrogen-containing nutrient that plants can use directly.

64
Q

How are Prokaryotes nature’s Recyclers?

A

Obtain energy by breaking down complex organic molecules (containing carbon and hydrogen). These prokaryotes find plentiful source of organic molecules in waste products and dead animals/plants. - By consuming them, they prevent wastes from accumulating in the environment.

65
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

66
Q

Viroids

A

No protein coat, short main strand.

67
Q

Prion

A

No genetic material, only proteins.

68
Q

Phytoplankton (algae)

A

Protists, photosynthetic

69
Q

Zooplankton (protozoa)

A

Ingest food, animal like protist

70
Q

Slime and Water molds

A

Fungi-like protists, Absorb nutrients from their surroundings.

71
Q

Pseudopods

A

Extensions of cell membrane, not an appendage like flagellum

72
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled, non-photosynthetic

73
Q

Protists groups: Major

A

Excavates

74
Q

Excavates

A

Named for the feeding groove, that gives the appearance of having been “excavated from the surface. Lack mitochondria

75
Q

What enables termites to digest the cellulose in wood as a food source? Its a flagella protist called

A

Parabasalids

76
Q

Which protist group includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates?

A

Alveolate

77
Q

Stemonitis is a slime mold. What is it most closely related to?

A

An Amoeba

78
Q

Some species of slime molds form colonies. True or false?

A

True

79
Q

Did slime molds colonize land before plants and animals?

A

Yes

80
Q

If a slime mold has a spore and stalk consisting of many cells, which group does it belong to?

A

Cellular slime molds group.

81
Q

IF you are researching the reproduction of slime molds, what would you study?

A

Spores.

82
Q

What is the intermediate insect host of a kinetoplastid parasitic responsible for African sleeping sickness in mammals?

A

The Tsetse Fly

83
Q

Which group of photosynthetic, mostly marine protists were named for the motion created by their two whip-like flagella?

A

dinoflagellates

84
Q

Excavates lack what and why?

A

Is a group lacking mitochondria, it is possible that mitochondria were lost early in the evolutionary history of this group.

85
Q

What subgroup of protists swims with one flagellum, are photosynthetic and are common pond dwellers?

A

Euglenids

86
Q

How are Red Tides caused by dinoflagellate responsible for depletion of oxygen and kill thousands of fish?

A

Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of billions of dinoflagellates; decay requires oxygen participation making oxygen unavailable for fish.

87
Q

The chloroplast found within a photosynthetic protist is surrounded by four membranes; How can we account for this?

A

Two are from the engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium. Secondary endosymbiosis could account for photosynthetic species in a variety of unrelated protist groups.

88
Q

Paramecium is a well-known ciliate, which inhabits fresh water. Interesting, this organism can avoid noxious chemicals or physical barriers by reversing the beating of its cilia. What does this suggest?

A

That the paramecium is responding as if it has a well-developed nervous system. It is a single-celled organism that doesn’t have the nervous system of higher forms but can have complex responses to its environment.

89
Q

Systematics

A

Organism categorized according to their evolutionary history, building classifications that accurately reflect the structure of the tree of life.

90
Q

How are organisms named and classified?

A

Each species has a unique, two part name. Systematics identify features that reveal evolutionary relationships; Molecular similarities are also useful for reconstructing Phylogeny.

91
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes.

Biology 1002 (10 decks)

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