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Biology 1002 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Key Features of Animals (characteristics)

A

Multicellular , Cells lack a cell wall, Obtain energy by consuming other organisms, most reproduce sexually, motile at some point in their life cycle, able to respond to stimuli (quickest than any other). All animals reproduce sexually but not all undergo asexual.

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2
Q

Statistics

A

1.3 Million species of animals, 4% posses backbone, rest are invertebrates ; 75% of described animals are insects : Animals probably originated from ancestral colonial protists; Biologists currently recognize about 27 Phyla of animals (not all but some will be on test)

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3
Q

Evolutionary milestone and branching points

A

Appearance of tissues - (no tissues vs tissues)
Appearance of body symmetry (asymmetrical vs radia vs bilateral)
Protostome and deuterostome development

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4
Q

EVOLUTIONARY TREE

A

fig 23-1

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5
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Circular body structure, can be divided into roughly equal halves by an plane that passes through the central axis

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6
Q

Bilateral

A

Halves, two equal parts, mirror image. Animals have upper (dorsal) surface and a lower (ventral) surface.

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Group of similar cells that carry out a specific function ;

  • the only modern day animals that lack tissues: individual cells in sponges may be specialized, but they act independently and are not organized into true tissues
  • Sponges and all remaining tissue-containing phyla arose from an ancient common ancestor without tissues
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8
Q

Sponges

A

They lack a symmetry in their body; reproduce asexually with the budding in which miniature versions of itself drop off and assume an independent existence. lack tissues
collar cells;

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9
Q

Animals exhibit:

A 
Asymmetrical (sponges)
Radial Symmetry (with tissues)
Bilateral symmetry (with tissues)
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10
Q

Radial Symmetry have two embryonic tissue (germ)

A
  • Ectoderm: An outer layer that covers the body, lines its inner cavities; forms the nervous system
  • Endoderm: An inner layer; lines most hollow organs
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11
Q

Bilateral Symmetry have three embryonic tissues

germ

A

Layer of mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm forms: Muscle systems, circulatory, and skeletal systems.

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12
Q

Ectoderm

A

an outer layer that covers the body, lines its inner cavities and forms the nervous system

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13
Q

Endoderm

A

An inner layer; lines most hollow organs

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14
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have heads:

Cephalization

A

Concentration of sensory organs and a brain in a well defined head, with definite…

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15
Q

Bilateral animals have body cavities

A
  • Fluid filled cavities between the digestive tube and the outer body wall
  • variety of functions… Cushions the inners, able to move organs.
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16
Q

functions of body cavities

A

Act as a skeleton for support for the body and framework which muscles can act

  • Protective buffer between the internal organs and the outside world
  • Allows organs to move independently of the body wall
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17
Q

Body cavity structure Varies : Coelom

A

Fluid-filled body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm

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18
Q

Coelomates include:

A

Annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, chordates (which include humans)

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19
Q

Pseudocoelom:

A

a body cavity that is not completely surrounded by mesoderm - round worms

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20
Q

Acoelomates

A

Lack a body cavity - flatworms

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21
Q

Bilateral organisms develop in one of two ways based on embryological development

A

Protostome and Deuterostome Development

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22
Q

Protostome Dev

A

Mouth develops before the anus in the young embryos ;

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23
Q

Deuterostome Dev

A

The anus develops before the mouth in the young embryo

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24
Q

Sponges have a simple body plan

A

Reproduce asexually by Budding, where the adult produces miniature versions of itself that drop off an assume an independent existence

  • reproduce sexually as well
  • sponges do not move
  • Marine and freshwater environments
  • occur in a variety of sizes and shapes
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25
Q

Sponges lack tissues and organs

A

Sponges video notes!

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26
Q

Phylum Cnidaria (sea jellies and friends)

A

Carnivorous predators : sea jellies, sea anemones, corals, and hydrozoans (mostly marine)

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27
Q

True tissues; radial symmetry

A

includes a contractile muscle - like tissue and an organized nerv net
-gastrovascular cavity : a sac like digestive chamber with a single opening that serves as both a mouth and an anus.

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28
Q

Reproduction

A

Asexually by budding or sexual reproduction

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29
Q

Stinging cells called cnidocyts

A

defense and capture prey

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30
Q

2 body types of Cnidarians-

A
  • Polyps (sessile)
  • Medusa (free living ) ex jellyfish and corals and sea anemones
    (lack true organs and have no brain)
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31
Q

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

A

Resemble cnidarians, but form a distinct evolutionary lineage: Use cilia to move, carnivorous eating tiny invertebrate animals that they capture with sticky tentacles; most are hemaphroditic and can release both eggs and sperm into seawater.

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32
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A 
may be parasitic or free living
-bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized
-free living flatworms inhabit aquatic, marine, and moist terrestrial habits
-many are parasites
-reproduce both sexually and asexually
hemaphrodites
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33
Q

Flatworm organs :

A

Lack formal respiratory and circulatory systems; instead they have sense organs in which tissues are grouped into functional units. (eye spots)
Gas exchange is accomplished by direct diffusion between body cells and the environment.

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34
Q

Flatworm’s Ganglia

A

nervous system consist of clusters of nerve cells. Locoed in the head, forming a simple brain
- paired nerve cords that extend the length of the body and conduct nerve signals to and from the ganglia.

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35
Q

flatworms are harmful

A

Can infect people who eat improperly cooked beef, pork or fish that has been infected by worms:
-larvae form encapsulated resting structures, called cysts, in the muscles of these animals
-cysts hatch in the human digestive tract
THESE ARE THE TAPEWORMS

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36
Q

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

A

Body is segmented:
-Divided into a series of repeating units
- segments contain identical copies of nerves, excretory structures, and muscles
-allow for complex movement
Coelomate : Coelom functions as a hydrostatic skeleton.

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37
Q

Fragmentation (segmented ) needs revising

A

Body breaks into pieces and comes back together

38
Q

Segmented worms have a closed circulatory system

A

blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels. distributes gases and nutrients throughout the body and excretory organs called nephridia

39
Q

Segmented worms have

A

simple brain - series of repeating paired segmental ganglia joined by a pair of ventral nerve cords extending the length of the body

40
Q

Digestive system

A

a tubular gut with two openings- a mouth and anus

41
Q

Leeches

A

Anesthetic components in its saliva - still used to reduce swelling after some surgeries - suck blood from victimes- SOME hospitals have leeches to remove excess fluids in patients.

42
Q

Segmented worms called

A

Earthworms the intestines of the soil - Aristotle

Darwin wrote a book on their importance to enrichment of the soil - Tropical species grow up to 3m long.

43
Q

Phylum Mollusk

A

Bilateral symmetry

  • true coelum
  • organ sysems: complete digesive system, nervous, simmilar to that of annelids , open circulatory system (hemocoel) blood is not confined to the heart and blood vessels.
  • Nephridia
  • some have shells some don’t
  • habitat- Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
  • Nephridia (like kidneys, primitive way of getting rid of wastes secretion)
  • most but not all have shells
  • Habitats- marine , freshwater, terrestrial
44
Q

Three classes of Mollusks

A

Gastropods- “Stomach footed”
(snails and slugs)
Bivalves - “Two Shelled”
(Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops)
Cephalopods: - -“head footed”
(Squids, octopus, nautilus;)(they develop sensory abilities; large complex brains and are capable of learning; closed circulatory system)
(Video: about mollusk that conveys cognitive intelligence )

45
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (insects and friends)

A
  • Most diverse
  • Have appendages and an exoskeleton : secreted by the epidermis (the outer layer of skin) , composed primarily of protein and chitin
  • Insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.
    (include beetles, insects, myropods like centipeds and milipedes)
46
Q

Arthropoda have

A

appendages and exoskeleton:
- exoskeleton: protects against predators, provides rigid attachment sites for muscles, but are thin and flexible at joints to increase the range of movement of the appendages, provides a watertight covering, mu be a molted (see notes)

47
Q

Class insecta

A

Most abundant and diverse class of arthropods - only invertebrates that are capable of flight- ability to fly has contributed to the enormous success of insects - escape predators and allos insects to find widely dispersed food.

48
Q

Class insecta 2

A

open circulatory system and efficient gas exchange;

  • have complex sensory and nervous system, responsible for finely coordinated movement and complex behaviors
  • possess well-developed sensory structures, including compound eyes, and chemical and tactile receptors.
49
Q

Insects undergo Metamorphosis

A

A radical change from a juvenile body form to an adulto body form
- in many insects, the juvenile is a larva, and has a worm shaped body form. - maggots (housefly larva) and caterpillars (moth or butterfly larva)

50
Q

Insects are divided into several dozen groups

A

Butterflies and Moths: most well-studied group

-evolution of butterflies of flowering plants, which depend on these flying insects for pollination.

51
Q

Bees, ants and wasps

A

stinger complex social behavior

52
Q

Beetles

A

One-third of all known insects species are beetles.

53
Q

Spiders, mite, ticks, and scorpions

A

Most are predatory meat eaters, lack antennae, have eight walking legs.

54
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Abundant and mostly tiny (ROUNDWORMS)

  • Most are microscopic , but some parasitic forms reach a meter in length
  • Long body protected by a cuticle that must be molten periodically
  • tubular gut with a separate mouth and anus
  • lack circulatory and respiratory systems (diffusion)
  • most are free-living and break down organic matter.
55
Q

Nematoda parasitic?

A

Hookworm larvae bore into human feet and travel to the intestine, where they cause continuous bleeding.

  • Trichinella worms infect people who eat improperly cooked infected pork - their larvae invade blood vessels and muscles, causing bleeding and muscle damage.
  • Heart worms can be transmitted to dogs by the bite of an infected mosquito.
56
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Calcium carbonate skeleton

  • sand dollars, sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies :
  • larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry: adults show radial symmetry
  • possess an endoskeleton that sens projections through the skin
  • primitive nervous system with no distinct brain
  • lack a circulatory system
  • unique water- vascular system
  • functions in locomotion, respiration, and food capture
  • can regenerate lost body parts - a sea star arm with part of the central body attached is able to form a whole animal.
57
Q

Echinodermata

A

Water-vascular system : Bilateral symmetry as Larvae, and Radially Symmetrical as adults.
- Functions in locomotion, respiration, and food capture.

58
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Includes two invertebrate groups : the Sea squirts and the Lancelets

59
Q

Which characteristic is not shared by plants and animals?

A

Heterotrophs : an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

60
Q

Which correctly describes animals?

A

Heterotrophs

61
Q

How many planes through the central axis will divide an organism with bilateral symmetry into roughly equal halves?

A

ONE

62
Q

Among animals with a fixed body shape, those that are elongated, such as earthworms or scorpions have which type of symmetry ?

A

Bilateral Symmetry

63
Q

Which describes a Coelom?

A

A fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm.

64
Q

A true body cavity that develops in the mesoderm is a

A

Coelom

65
Q

What is the excretory structure in annelid worms?

A

Nephridium: Nephridia are similar to the nephrons in mammals -

66
Q

A radula is ___

A

spiny ribbon of tissue used for feeding in snails.

67
Q

Which is not a Mollusk?

A

Barnacle - they are arthropods.

68
Q

The success of the cephalopods as predators is not supported by the presence of ____

A

Coelom. - The presence of a coelom does not lead to the animal being a predator. Many non-predator animals have a coelom.

69
Q

The water vascular system unique to echinoderms (a marine invertebrate of the phylum echinodermata , starfish) allows them to____

A

Move, do gas exchange, and capture food ; both move and do gas exchange. - - The tube feet of the water vascular system perform gas exchange, are what the echinoderms “walk” on, and adhere to prey.

70
Q

Animal phyla have coelom except:

A

Nematodes: Roundworms

71
Q

The vast majority of animal species____

A

Are invertebrates

72
Q

Which of the following are not associated with sponges ?

A

Digestive organs: Sponges lack true tissues and organs - Organs are made of tissues.

73
Q

What are two main functions of the gastrovascular cavity of a cnidarian?

A

Digestion and distribution of nutrients:

74
Q

Which of the following is associated with or characteristic of a parasitic flatworm such as a tapeworm? (parasitic worm)

A

A simple digestive system: Because parasites live off a host, their food comes predigested (by the host)

75
Q

Annelids (segmented worms) have many structures comparable to those observed in vertebrates. Which is a vertebrate structure to which there is nothing comparable in an annelid?

A

Lung:

76
Q

Animals in which of the following phyla have collar cells?

A

Porifera : a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges.

77
Q

Which groups of animals possesses an endoskeleton?

A

Echinoderms : A marine invertebrate such as a starfish, sea urchin or sea cucumber.

78
Q

Which of the following animals molts its exoskeleton, allowing the animal to grow larger?

A

The blue crab : are arthropods and have exoskeletons, which must molt as the organism grows larger.

79
Q

Assume you’re observing an animal embryo and find a layer of mesoderm. Which are you studying?

A

An animal with Bilateral symmetry. (because of the MESODERM)

80
Q

Which is a characteristic of animals?

A

Animals are motile!

81
Q

Charles Darwin wrote that members of the phylum___ are particularly important for agriculture because they mix and aerate soil.

A

Annelida (Segmented worms, lungworms, and leeches)

82
Q

THis is a characteristic that distinguishes invertebrates from vertebrates.

A

Vertebrates have a backbone; invertebrates don’t

83
Q

Which of the following characteristics is associated with all animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle?

A

Mesoderm (in embryonic stages)

84
Q

Which invertebrate animal group is characterized by having a closed circulatory system?

A

Annelida (Segmented worms) Earth worms.

85
Q

Roundworms are classified in the phylum____

A

Nematoda

86
Q

Mollusks are____

A

Protostomes : (mollusks, arthropods and annelids) A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid. mouth then asshole

87
Q

Specimen lacks tissues and organs, no head body symmetry , or segmentation.

A

Porifera

88
Q

Most flatworms reproduce sexually but are hermaphroditic.

A

Flatworms possess both male and female sexual organs.

89
Q

Under certain conditions, cnidarians reproduce by releasing gametes that fuse to form a zygote. What is required for this to be successful?

A

Water for maintaining viability and for dispersing eggs and sperms (cnidarians: An aquatic invertebrate animal)

90
Q

Annelids have a fluid-filled true coelom between the body wall and the digestive tract. How could this serve as a supportive framework against muscles can act.

A

The incompressible fluid provides a hydrostatic skeleton. This skeleton allows earthworms to burrow through soil.

91
Q

The animals most like the ancestral protist colonies that likely gave rise to all animals are:

A

Sponges.

92
Q

Members of the tax group ____ are best described as having a large, well-developed brain, excellent vision and being marine carnivorous predators.

A

Cephalopods : an active predatory mollusk such as an octopus

Biology 1002 (10 decks)

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