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Biology 1002 > Chp 14-16 > Flashcards

Chp 14-16 Flashcards

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0
Q

When unrelated organisms living under similar environments demands evolve superficially similar structures, it is called:

A

Convergent Evolution

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1
Q

Evidence that supports the theory of evolution is found in the studies of:

A

embryos, biochemistry, fossils, and artificial selection

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2
Q

Of all the possible amino acids, all living organisms make use of only the same 20 amino acids. This supports the idea that:

A

All living things are derived from a single common ancestor.

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3
Q

Which organism is least likely to survive to reproduce?

A

A plant that has a sweet flavor before it flowers it.

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4
Q

Darwin realized that most species produce many more offspring than is necessary to maintain a constant population. The “excess” individuals in a population:

A

Die before they can reproduce.

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5
Q

What can you conclude by looking at the following sequence from the cytochrome c gene of humans, mice, and an unknown organism? Human- ATGGTCTCTTT ; Mouse- ACGGTCTGTTC Unknown - ACGGTGTGTTC

A

The unknown organism is more closely related to mice than to humans.

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6
Q

Natural selection can act on a certain trait only if the trait is:

A

Heritable

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7
Q

Which of the following answers is the most ancient homologous feature of all life?

A

DNA as genetic material

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8
Q

When Darwin wrote “On the Origin of Species”, he knew little about the subject of ____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.

A

Genetics

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9
Q

Genetic variations in natural populations develop due to:

A

Random mutations of the DNA

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10
Q

Which of the following situations has occurred in insects pests in Florida due to natural selection?

A

Cockroaches now avoid the poison bait that used to be very effective at killing them.

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11
Q

An antibiotic is given repeatedly to treat a recurrent ear infection. It worked initially but now is no longer effective. This indicates that the Streptococcus bacterium:

A

Experiences natural selection that has allowed the resistant Streptococcus to survive and multiply.

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12
Q

The theory of natural selection states that:

A

The most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.

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13
Q

Which of the four postulates of Darwin’s theory of evolution was not well established when ON the Origin of Species was first published but is overwhelmingly supported today?

A

Some differences among individuals in a population are due to genetics and are heritable.

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14
Q

Which of the following experiments might disprove the “inheritance of acquired characteristics”?

A

Measure the tail lengths of a population of mice. Cut the tails off and then let them breed. Show that the chilsdren’s tails are no shorter than their parents’ tails.

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15
Q

A storm blows the four species of finches shown to a new island that has only small-seeded grasses. Which species is more likely to survive?

A

The one with the pointy beak, for seeds.

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16
Q

Modern geologists estimate that the age of Earth is about:

A

4.5 Billion years.

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17
Q

Dandelions in a lawn that is mowed have short flower stalks, whereas those in a field have tall flower stocks. This illustrates:

A

Natural selection

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18
Q

Fish in a local lake have a mixture of brown and green scales and are found throughout the lake. Over a five-year period, the lake develops more plant growth and an exotic predatory frog is introduced. What change would you expect to see in the original fish population?

A

The fish with green scales will become more common.

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19
Q

Imagine that a population of deer living on an island without any predators was threatened with overpopulation, until wolves were imported. After a couple of years, there were fewer deer, but their average running speed and length of their legs had increased. What process accounts for the change?

A

Natural selection

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20
Q

Which of the following observations best indicates that living things evolved in different time periods?

A

Fossil A always appears in a layer below Fossil B.

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21
Q

Karl von Baer’s observations of vertebrate embryos suggest that :

A

All vertebrate species have similar genes for development, with some being active in some species and inactive in others.

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22
Q

Which of the following observations by other scientists would have helped Lamarck to form a better mechanism for evolution than inheritance of acquired traits?

A

Mendel’s observation that genes are passed unchanged from parent to offspring

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23
Q

Which postulate of natural selection is best supported by the work of Gregor Mendel?

A

Traits are passed from parent to offspring.

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24
Q

A man spends his lifetime perfecting his painting skills. He has a daughter paint as well. He expects his grandson to be a world-famous painter. Whose theory is this man using?

A

Lamarck

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25
Q

The amino acid sequence of human and chimpanzee hemoglobin are almost identical, yet they differ considerably from the sequence of the hemoglobin of dogs. This fact:

A

Supports the theory of evolution.

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26
Q

Structures that have similar functions and superficially similar appearance but very different anatomies; similarities are the result of similar environmental pressures rather than a common ancestry.

A

Analogous Structure

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27
Q

A selection breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; to produce desirable animals; may also be used in evolutionary biology experiments.

A

Artificial Selection

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28
Q

The independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms as a result of similar environmental pressures; see analogous structures.

A

Convergent Evolution

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29
Q
  1. The theory that all organisms are related by common ancestry and have changed over time;
  2. Any change in the proportions of different genotypes in a population from one generation to the next.
A

Evolution

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30
Q

The remains of a dead organism, normally preserved in rock; may be petrified bones or wood; shells; impressions of body forms, such as feathers, skin, or leaves; or making s made by organisms, such as footprints.

A

Fossil

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31
Q

Structures that may differ in function but that have similar anatomy, presumably because the organisms that possess them have descended from common ancestors.

A

Homologous Structure

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32
Q

Unequal survival and reproduction of individuals with different phenotypes; causes better adapted phenotypes to become increasingly common in a population.

A

Natural Selection

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33
Q

All the members of a particular species within an ecosystem, found in the same time and place and actually or potentially interbreeding.

A

Population

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34
Q

A structure that serves no apparent purpose but is homologous to functional structures in related organisms and provides evidence of evolution.

A

Vestigial Structure

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35
Q

Predation

A

The act of eating another living organism

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36
Q

Population

A

All the members of a species that occupy a particular area at the same time.

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37
Q

Polyploidy

A

Having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

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38
Q

mammal

A

a member of the chordate class Mammalia, vertebrates with hair and mammary glands.

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39
Q

Prokaryote

A

An organism whose cells are prokaryotic; bacteria and archaea.

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40
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

A mathematical model proposing that, under certain conditions, the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a sexually reproducing population will remain constant over generations.

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41
Q

Exoskeleton

A

A rigid external skeleton that supports the body, protects the internal organs, and has flexible joints that allow for movement.

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42
Q

Genetic Drift

A

A change in the allele frequencies of a small population purely by chance.

43
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.

44
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

The process by which a new species arise in populations that are not physically divided; the genetic isolation required for sympatric speciation may be due to ecological isolation or chromosomal aberrations (such as polyploidy)

45
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism whose cells are eukaryotic; plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

46
Q

Fitness

A

The reproductive success of an organism, relative to the average reproductive success in the population.

47
Q

Postmating isolation mechanism

A

Any structure, physiological function, or developmental abnormality that prevents organisms of two different populations, once mating has occurred, from producing vigorous, fertile offspring.

48
Q

Coevolution

A

The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interactions with one another, in which each species is a source of natural selection on the other.

49
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The failure of organisms of one population to breed successfully with members of another; may be due to premating or postmating isolating mechanisms.

50
Q

Gene Pool

A

the total of all alleles of all genes in a population; for a single gene, the total of all the alleles of that gene that occur in a population.

51
Q

Founder Effect

A

The result of an even in which an isolated population is founded by a small number of individuals; may result in genetic drift if allele frequencies in the founder population are by chance different from those of the parent population.

52
Q

Equilibrium Population

A

A population in which allele frequencies and the distribution of genotypes do not change from generation to generation.

53
Q

Allele Frequency

A

For any given gene, the relative proportion of each allele of that gene in a population.

54
Q

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that certain organelles, specially chloroplasts and mitochondria, arose as mutually beneficial associations between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells and captured bacteria that lived within the cytoplasm of the pre-eukaryotic cell.

55
Q

Species

A

The basic unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of a group of populations that evolves independently. – Series of populations that interbreed freely with one another under natural conditions but that do not interbreed with members of other species.

56
Q

Hominin

A

A human or a prehistoric relative of humans; the oldest known hominin is Sahelanthropus beginning with the Australopithecines, whose fossils are more than 6 million years old.

57
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.

58
Q

Protocell

A

The hypothetical evolutionary precursor of living cells, consisting of a mixture of organic molecules within a membrane.

59
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

The result of an even that causes a population to become extremely small; may cause genetic drift that results in changed allele frequencies and loss of genetic variability.

60
Q

Postmating isolating Mechanism

A

Any structure, physiological function, or developmental abnormality that prevents organisms of two different populations, once mating has occurred, from producing vigorous, fertile offspring.

61
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The process by which new species arise following physical separation of parts of a population (geographical isolation)

62
Q

Directional Selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors one extreme of a range of phenotypes.

63
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors both extremes of a range of phenotypes.

64
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A type of natural selection that acts on traits involved in finding and acquiring mates.

65
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene; normally refers to a genetic change significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organism.

66
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The proposal that living organisms can arise from non living matter.

67
Q

Mass extinction

A

The extinction of an extraordinarily large number of species in a comparatively short period of time; have occurred periodically throughout history.

68
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

The rise of many new species in a relatively short period of time; may occur when a single species invades different habitats and evolves in response to different environmental conditions in those habitats.

69
Q

Coevolution

A

The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interactions with one another; in which each species is a source of natural selection on the other.

70
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another owing to the migration of individual organisms.

71
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

The process by which new species arise in populations that are not physically divided; the genetic isolation required for sympatric speciation may be due to ecological isolation or chromosomal aberrations ( such as polyploidy)

72
Q

Speciation

A

The process of species formation, in which a single species splits into two or more species.

73
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors the average phenotype in a population.

74
Q

Anthropod

A

A member of the animal phylum Arthropoda, which includes the insects, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, custaceans, millipedes, and centipeds.

75
Q

Premating Isolating Mechanism

A

Any structure, physiological function, or behavior that prevents organisms of two different populations from exchanging gametes.

76
Q

extinction

A

the death of all members of a species.

77
Q

Ribozyme

A

An RNA molecule that can catalyze certain chemical reactions, specially those involved in the synthesis and processing of RNA itself.

78
Q

Genetic Drift

A

A change in the allele frequencies of a small population purely by chance.

79
Q

Microevolution

A

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population.

80
Q

Migration

A

Gene flow in animal populations

81
Q

Which of the following can be measured to estimate an organism’s evolutionary fitness?

A

The number of offspring it produces over its lifetime that survive to breed.

82
Q

Natural selection question

A

Acts upon individuals.

83
Q

Which of the following can affect a small, endangered population so severely that it goes extinct?

A

Lost alleles and/or low genetic diversity.

84
Q

Which of the following can evolve?

A

Populations

85
Q

Allele

A

A particular version of a gene

86
Q

How many alleles do you inherit for each genetic trait?

A

2

87
Q

Allelic frequencies change in:

A

A population

88
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.

89
Q

Coevolution

A

The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interactions with one another, such that each species acts as a major force of natural selection on the other.

90
Q

Competition

A

Interaction among individuals who attempt to utilize a resource (for example, food or space) that is limited relative to the demand for that resource.

91
Q

Gene Pool

A

The total alleles of all genes in a population; for a single gene, the total of all the alleles of that gene that occur in a population.

92
Q

Predation

A

the act of eating another living organism.

93
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

The type of natural selection that favors the average phenotype in a population.

94
Q

Postulate 1:

A

Individuals in a population vary or differ from one another in many respects.

95
Q

Postulate 2

A

At least some of the difference among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring.

96
Q

Postulate 3

A

In each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but others don’t.

97
Q

Postulate 4

A

The fate of individuals is not determined entirely by chance or luck. Instead, an individuals’s likelihood of survival and reproduction depends on its characteristics. Individuals with advantageous traits survive longest and leave the most offspring, a process called Natural Selection.

98
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

A

Classified diversity of life, developed binomial nomenclature, a nested classification system.

99
Q

George Louis LeClerc (1707-1788)

A

Proposed that some modern species had evolved through natural processes, having originated at creation from a small number of founding species.

100
Q

James Hutton (1726-1797) & Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

A

Geological features formed by gradual mechanisms (valleys, rivers, sediments… etc)
Uniformitarianism idea: Forces of wind, water, etc created geological changes over vast periods of time and found fossils.

101
Q

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

A

Catastrophism and Father of Paleontology: studied fossils and rock layers. A series of catastrophes produced new rock layers and destroyed many species, preserving some as fossils. Still had initial creation by God idea.

102
Q

William Smith (1769- 1839)

A

Classified fossils as he found them on their perspective rock layers.

103
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics theory. Recognized change of species over time but proposed that organisms evolved through acquired characteristics from parent.

104
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A

Published On the Origin of Species in 1859. Decent with modification theory;
Individuals in each generation differ slightly from the members of the preceding generation.
Over long periods of time small differences accumulate to produce major transformations.

105
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Biology 1002 (10 decks)

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