Chp 12 Flashcards
defined as the
study of the occurrence,
determinants, and
distribution of health
and disease within
healthcare settings
Healthcare epidemiology
infections that are acquired
within hospitals or other
healthcare facilities
healthcare-associated infec-
tions
infections that are acquired outside
of healthcare facilities
community-acquired infections
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
iatrogenic infection
infection that results from med- ical or surgical treatment
Bacterias that are common causes of HAI
Gram-positive cocci:
Gram-negative bacilli:
Gram positive:
Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA])
Coagulase-negative staphylococci Enterococcus spp. (including vancomycin-resistant enterococci)
Gram-negative:
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp. Klebsiella spp.
Mode of Transmission
Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Most common types of HAI
Uti
Surgical site infection
Lower respiratory tract infection
Bloodstream infection
a common
cause of healthcare-
associated gastroin-
testinal infections.
Clostridium difficile
enterotoxin causes a disease known as
antibiotic- associated diarrhea (AAD)
The cytotoxin causes a disease known as
pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)
diseases that are transmissible from animals to humans.
zoonoses
the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting pathogens from one patient to another or from one anatomic site to another on the same patient.
Handwashing
measures are designed
to break various links in
the chain of infection.
infection control
he instituted the practice of using phenol (carbolic acid) as an antiseptic to reduce micro- bial contamination of open surgical wounds.
Joseph Lister
literally means without infection
Asepsis
actions taken to prevent
infection or break the
Infection control
chain of infection.
Aseptic techniques
Categories of Disinfectants.
chemical sterilants
High-level disinfectants
Intermediate-level disinfectants
Low-level disinfectants
kill all mi- crobes (including viruses),e except large numbers of bac- terial spores.
High-level disinfectants
might kill mycobacteria, vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and most fungi, but do not necessarily kill bacterial spores.
Intermediate-level disinfectants
kill most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some viruses within 10 minutes of exposure.
Low-level disinfectants
clean technique
sterile technique
Medical asepsis
Surgical asepsis
are to be applied to the
care of ALL patients in
ALL healthcare settings,
regardless of the
suspected or confirmed
presence of an
infectious agent.
Standard Precautions
are enforced only for certain specific types of infections.
Transmission-Based Precautions
The most important and
most basic technique in
preventing and
controlling infections
and preventing the
transmission of
pathogens
Handwashing
The Father of Handwashing
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Components of PPE
gloves,
gowns, masks, eye
protection, and
respiratory protection.
The three types of
Contact transmission is
Transmission-Based
the most important
Precautions
Contact Precaution
Droplet Precautions
Airborne Precautions
is a single-patient room that is equipped with special air ( use of negative air) handling and ventilation systems
Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms
are rooms that are
under positive pressure,
and vented air that
enters these rooms
passes through HEPA
filters.
Protective Environments
How CML personnel participate in healthcare epidemiology and infection control:
By monitoring the types and
numbers of pathogens
By performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing
By notifying the appropriate ICP
By processing environmental samples
