Chp. 10, 12

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

physical and verbal behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed

• includes both physical and social (cyberbullying) aggression

Question 2

Aggression includes unintentional acts of harm:

Answer 2

car accidents, dental treatments, some microaggression

Question 3

Hostile aggression (wanting to injure)

Answer 3

Aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure. (ex: murders)

Question 4

Instrumental aggression (using aggression to get something else OTHER than harming out of it)

Answer 4

Aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end goal (ex: terrorist attacks, wars, bullying to have high status, some well planned murders)

Question 5

Instinct theory (biological/nature) Freud and Lorenz

Answer 5

• aggressive energy is instinctive (innate, unlearned, and universal).

Question 6

Evoltionary explanantion

Answer 6

aggression is seen as adaptive in order to gain resources and defend against threats

Question 7

Neural influences

Answer 7

• decreased prefrontal cortex activity( hostile aggression)
• Smaller amygdala/ less activity in amygdala (instrumental aggression)

Question 8

Genetic influences

Answer 8

• heredity plays a role in aggression
• temperance = how intense and reactive we are, you see the world through your temperament and its influenced by your genes

Question 9

Biochemical influences

Answer 9

• alc = unleashes aggression
• pot = unleashes aggression
• increased testosterone leads to aggression
• poor diets

Question 10

Frustration-aggression theory

Answer 10

• Frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
• Berkowitz theorized that frustration produces aggression only when people become upset

Question 11

Relative deprivation

Answer 11

the perception that you are less well off than others with whom you compare yourself (aggression IS NOT ignited by deprivation but of COMPARISON)

Question 12

Learned behavior

Answer 12

Social psychologists contend that learning “pulls” aggression out of us.

Question 13

Observational learning (Bandura)

Answer 13

proposed social learning theory of aggression meaning we imitate (bodo doll)

• Bandura contends that whether we act aggressively depends on the consequences we except

Question 14

Operant conditioning (skinner)

Answer 14

if you want to increase a behavior reward it (rewarding aggression. increases it)

Question 15

Conditions where we are most aggressive

Answer 15

1) Aversive incidents
2) Physiological or emotional arousal
3) Aggressive cues (weapons effect)

Question 16

Prosocial Behavior (media affecting behavior)

Answer 16

Positive, constructive, helpful
social behavior; the opposite of
antisocial behavior.

Question 17

Social Scripts

Answer 17

Culturally provided mental
instructions for how to act in
various situations.

Question 18

Cognitive Priming

Answer 18

watching violent television primes
aggression-related ideas

Question 19

Social exchange theory

Answer 19

The theory that human interactions are transactions
that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.

Question 20

As the number of bystanders increases, any given bystander is less likely to

Answer 20

• Interpret the incident as a problem/emergency
• Assume responsibility for taking action
• Notice an incident

Question 21

The larger the crowd becomes:

Answer 21

The less likely individuals are to act/help

Question 22

Attitude and trait measures rarely predict a specific act; but they can predict average behaviors.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Televisions effect on thinking

Answer 23

1) Desensitization
2) Social scripts (how we should act)
3) Altered perceptions (see world as a violent place)
4) Cognitive priming (activates aggressive ideas)

Question 24

Why might violent video games be worse than violent media

Answer 24

1) You identify and act out the role
2) You engage in the whole sequence
3) You repeat violence
4) you are rewarded for violence (operant conditioning)

Question 25

When you’re in a group, aggression increases because it:

Answer 25

1) Diffuses responsibility
2) increases deindividuation (decrease in self awareness)
3) Increases conformity
4) Decreases identity

Question 26

How to reduce aggression:

Answer 26

1) Catharsis (releasing anger on safe target DOESN’T WORK)
2) Silent sulking (Internally repeat negative message DOESN’t WORK)
3) Use “I” statements to express feelings (catharsis + insight = works)

Question 27

In order to provide help you must:

Answer 27

1) Notice the incident
2) Interpret it as one requiring help
3) Assume responsibility for helping

Question 28

Illusion of transparency

Answer 28

We tend to overestimate others ability to read our minds

Question 29

When do we help:

Answer 29

1) Normative influence/conformity (more likely to help when we see others helping)
2) Time pressure (when we are early or have nowhere to be)
3) People are similar to us

Question 30

Personality traits for helping

Answer 30

1) high in positive emotionality
2) high in empathy
3) agreeableness

Question 31

Gender (helping)

Answer 31

1) Males are more likely to help in dangerous situations
2) Females are more likely to help in safer situations