Chp. 10, 11, 12

Question 1

Global stratification

Answer 1

Some nations are in higher or lower classes. Unequal distribution of wealth

Question 2

Modernization theory

Answer 2

A model of economic and social change that explains global inequality in terms of differing levels of technological development among societies

Question 3

Dependency theory

Answer 3

States that rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain, thereby perpetuating poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on richer nations

Question 4

Dominant group

Answer 4

One that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society

Question 5

Subordinante group

Answer 5

One whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

Question 6

A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

Answer 6

Race

Question 7

Refers to a cultural heritage

Answer 7

Ethnicity

Question 8

An emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

Answer 8

Symbolic ethnicity

Question 9

The process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors

Answer 9

Social construction of race

Question 10

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial groups

Answer 10

Prejudice

Question 11

Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

Answer 11

Stereotypes

Question 12

Ethnocentrism

Answer 12

The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represents the norm and are superior to all others

Question 13

Racism

Answer 13

The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

Question 14

Hate crime

Answer 14

A criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

Question 15

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 15

People who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others

Question 16

Scapegoat

Answer 16

A person that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others

Question 17

Authoritarian personality

Answer 17

Personality type characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.

Question 18

Exploitation theory

Answer 18

Racism keeps member of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with cheap labor

Question 19

Racial profiling

Answer 19

Arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person’s behavior

Question 20

Contact hypothesis

Answer 20

Interracial contact between people of quality status who are engaged in a cooperative task will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias

Question 22

Four types of discrimination

Answer 22

Isolate
Small-group
Direct institutionalize
Indirect institutionalize

Question 23

Isolate discrimination

Answer 23

Harmful action taken by a member of the dominant group against a member of the sub ordinate group. This occurs without the support of other group members

Question 24

Small-group discrimination

Answer 24

Harmful action taken by a limited number of dominant group members against member of subordinate groups

Question 25

Direct-institutionalized discrimination

Answer 25

Norms set by organizations or communities that have a negative impact of members of subordinate groups

Question 26

Indirect-institutionalized discrimination

Answer 26

Practices that may have a harmful effect on subordinate group members even though these norms or regulations were intentionally established with no intent to harm

Question 27

Glass ceiling

Answer 27

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual’s gender, race, or ethnicity

Question 28

Affirmative action

Answer 28

Refers to positive efforts to recruit members of subordinate groups or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Question 29

The most disadvantaged group in America in terms of income, employment, housing, and nutrition.

Answer 29

Native Americans

Question 30

Genocide

Answer 30

The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Question 31

Fastest growing minority in the US.

Answer 31

Asian Americans