CHO

Question 1

what are simple cho?

Answer 1

disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose
monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 2

what are complex cho?

Answer 2

polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and fibres
starch: amylopectin and amylase, glucose chains in plants
fibre: humans can’t digest cellulose!
glycogen: glucose chains in animals

Question 3

what is soluble fibre?

Answer 3

dietary and function fibres that absorb water

sources: fruit pectins, oatmeal, oat bran, legumes
actions: absorb water to form thick solution in GI tract

Question 4

what is insoluble fibre?

Answer 4

fibre with a low water-holding capacity

sources: vegetables, grains/cereals (lignin’s, cellulose)
actions: bind (absorb) enzymes and nutrients

Question 5

fibre summary of soluble fibre

Answer 5

its soft and sticky parts of the plants.

it absorbs water/slows absorption of glucose

Question 6

fibre summer of insoluble fibre

Answer 6

its roughage ‘tough matter’

it adds bulk to stool, reduces GI transit time and relieves constipation

Question 7

CHO digestion

Answer 7

mouth = salivary amylase

small intestine = pancreatic amylase

microvilli (brush border) = sucrase, maltase, lactase

Question 8

CHO absorption

Answer 8

only monosaccharides are absorbed

GLU and GAL absorbed by active transport (ATP and sodium required)

FRU absorbed by facilitated diffusion. fructose is absorbed more slowly and GLU/GAL

Question 9

CHO transport

Answer 9

glu, fru and gal transported to liver via HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM

Question 10

CHO fate

Answer 10

is used for energy

stored as glycogen

stored as fat in adipose tissue (70% efficiency)

Question 11

what is the glycemic index?

Answer 11

it measures how quickly glu enters the bloodstream

rating of the potential of foods to raise blood glu levels

Question 12

what affects the gi of food?

Answer 12

type of cho

food prep

fat content

fibre content

combining foods!

Question 13

what is the glycemic load?

Answer 13

glycemic load = grams of CHO x GI

low GI meals have increased fibre

low GI meals associated with increased HDLs

Question 14

how much CHO do we eat?

Answer 14

50% of total caloric intake is CHO

25% is from simple sugars: tooth decay, unhealthy blood lipids, contributes to obesity

Question 15

what are the differences between glucose and fructose?

Answer 15

glucose:
stored in liver as glycogen
used for energy
stored in muscles
a little bit becomes fat

fructose:
not stored as glycogen
hepatic lipid droplets
triggers insulin resistance
more becomes fat
disrupts leptin (satiety)