Chinese Architecture Flashcards
- Planning and drawing for the city
- Imperial gardens and royal graves
were constructed
Xia, Shang, Zhou
Construction of Great Wall
Han
Multi-storied wood towers
Han
Application of bricks and stone arches
Han
Roads and irrigations were constructed
Han
Technique in timber structure was developed (pillar-beam system)
Han
Development of literati garden
Wei, Jin
Development of high-rise timber frame
Wei, Jin
Application of bricks became popular
Sui, Tang
Earliest big open shoulder arch stone bridge
Sui, Tang
Use of ancient Chinese architectural codes
Song
Formal archiectural; drawings
Song
Use of “cai” or building standards
cai
Street lane system of city planning
Yuan
Public and private garden
Yuan
Buddhist temples and Islamic mosques-
Yuan
large scale architecture
Ming and Qing
Construction of the Forbidden
City
Ming and Qing
Use of architectural specifications
Ming and Qing
Increased production of glazed tiles
Ming and Qing
Five Main Characteristics of Chinese Architecture
- Unity of structures with architectural art
- Good anti-seismic function
- High degree of standardization
- Bright colors
- Arrangement of buildings
Structural Concept of Chinese Architecture
- Using even numbers of column
- Top load is transferred to foundation through wooden frames
- Walls bear no load
- Flexible placement of walls,
windows and doors - Gabled roofs
Two kinds of building systems
- Chuandou (for south)
- Tailang (for north)
Notable feature of Chuandou
extended beams
Used for wealthy families. BRACES THE UPWARD
LIFT OFTHE HEAVY EAVES
Corbelled Brackets
Main Types of Roofs in Chinese Architecture
- Straight Inclined
- Multi-inclined
- Sweeping
Building Materials in Roofs for Chinese Architecture
- Clay (Common Material)
2. Thatch and Bamboo (poor people)
Most common Material used for Chinese Architecture
Earth
round houses made of earth of Hakkas Nationality
Tulou
Its features are:
mausoleum
- highest architectural techniques
• palaces
Imperial Architecture
Hall
Dian
Grand Hall
Dadian
Central Hall
Zhengdian
symbolic supreme power of the emperor
• ridges are decorated with wenshou or zoomorphic ornaments
• the emperor’s throne At the center
Hall (Dian)
means also a kiosk
• wood or stone or bamboo
• no walls
Pavillion (Ting)
wayside pavilion (purpose)
liangting (cooling desk)
stele pavilion (purpose)
protect the engraved record of an important event
Other uses of Pavilion
storage of important articles documents.
offer sacrifices to Heaven or the gods
- terrace-like building
Altar (Tan)
Altar to the Earth
Ditan
the Circular Mound Altar
Huanqiutan
roofed walk with
low railings or long side benches
Covered Corridor
-corridor that links two or more buildings
Youlang
-the zigzag corridor
qulang
the winding corridor
huilang
corridor for the display of potted flowers
hualang
borders on lakes or goes over ponds
shuilang
gates used by the emperor have 9*9 or 81 studs
Studs
zaojing, means “aquatic plants” (zao) and “well”
(jing)
- usually in the form of a sunken coffer
Caisson Ceiling
Ornamental Pillar
Huabiao
looking out for the emperor’s return
• facing south
wangjungui
looking out for emperor’s progress
• facing north
wangjunchu
offices in front, living quarters at the back; ancestors on the left and gods on the right
The Forbidden City
largest structure
in the Forbidden City
The Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian)
Hall of Imperial Peace (Qinandian) as its center
The Imperial Garden
a library built in the style of a pavilion
Chamber of Character Cultivation (Yangxingzhai),
the famous thirteen-story palace, It is 117.19 meters tall and 360 in length. The inside of the palace was built with timber and outside was covered with granites.
Potala Palace
Features of Buddhist Architecture
- temple, pagoda and grotto
- follows symmetric style strictly
- main buildings on the central axis
RELIGIOUS PURPOSES • USED TO HOUSE SACRED OBJECTS • TIERED TOWER WITH MULTIPLE EAVES • BUDDHIST • PATRONS DONATED PAGODAS FOR THE BETTERMENT OF THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS
Pagoda
the earliest Buddhism pagoda in China, as well as
• the only duodanary-plane pagoda • fifteen storeys
Sputa in Song Yuesi Temple, Kaifeng
palace for oblation and sacrifice, altars,
residences and gardens
Taoist Architecture
- HOUSES DIFFER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
- USUALLY FACING SOUTH
Commoner Architecture
usually has its main or only entrance gate built at the southeastern corner
Siheyuan (Quadrangle)
two storeys with roof-tips pointing to sky
Local-style dwelling houses in Anhui
Screen Wall
Yingbi
- WOODEN FRAMEWORK DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE
Chinese houses almost always consist of an odd number of bays
Bays
- FULLY ENCLOSED BY BUILDINGS & WALLS
- NO OPENING ON THE OUTSIDE WALLS
Courtyard
SIZES OF COURTYARDS VARY DEPENDING ON THE __________ OF THE FAMILY -COMPOUNDS HAD INNER COURTYARD
- BUILT ON _____ AXIS
- wealth, size and taste
- north-south
new courtyards could be added creating a multi- courtyard dwelling
- Doorways to the east or west could open into a garden.
Two-courtyard House
- started in 1409 and ended with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644
- 200 years tombs were built over an area of 40 square kilometers
Ming Tombs
- tomb of Emperor Wanli
- central chamber where the sacrifical utensils are on display
Dingling
Main feature of Chinese Gardens
Chinese combination of structures and man- made landscape within natural scenery
Three Categories of Chinese Gardens
- Monastery gardens
• Imperial parks and gardens
• Private gardens
- the gardens tend to be formal in design close to the buildings.
- The less formal gardens are for strolling, meditating and reading
Monastery Gardens
- the large park, usually with a lake and islands
* the smaller more intimate garden closer to the palace buildings
Imperial Gardens
A design theme common to most private gardens is that of personal scholarship, whether for spiritual, moral or intellectual development.
Scholar Gardens
multistory buildings
Lou
terraces
Tai
chinese pavilions
Ting
two-story pavilions
Ge
chinese pagodas
Ta
doomed or coffered ceiling
Caisson
verandas with windows
Xuan
pavilions or houses on terraces
Xie
rooms along roofed corridors
Wu
interlocking wooden brackets
Dougong