Childhood psychology

Question 1

How can maternal stress affect a growing fetus?

Answer 1

the higher levels of cortisol can cause probelms with emotional development

Question 2

How can the timing of onception have an affect on a childs development?

Answer 2

babies born in winter are much more likely to have learning difficulties ?vit D

Question 3

What 3 things are combined in Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Answer 3

Cognitive factors; behavioural factors and environmental factors

Question 4

What is the Piaget stage of 0-2 years?

Answer 4

sensorimotor

Question 5

What is the Piaget stage of 2-7 years?

Answer 5

preoperational

Question 6

What is the Piaget stage of 7-11 years?

Answer 6

concrete operational

Question 7

What is the Piaget stage of 11+

Answer 7

formal operations

Question 8

What is Id?

Answer 8

unconscious motives eg sexual apetites

Question 9

What is Ego?

Answer 9

thought that balances Id and responses to the world around

Question 10

What is Superego?

Answer 10

higher though eg moral and ethical thinking

Question 11

What are the 3 phases that the human goes through according to Freud?

Answer 11

0-2= oral
3-5= anal phase (witholding or allowing excretion)
later childhood and adulthood= phallic

Question 12

What is Marlow’s heirarchy of need?

Answer 12

a pyramid that starts with psychological then safety then love/belonging then esteem then self-actualisation. You need the blocks on the lower levels before progessing upwards

Question 13

What happens during hte sensorimotor stage?

Answer 13

discover sensations; unable to recognise object permanence; start to learn symbols

Question 14

What happens during hte preoperational stage?

Answer 14

cant take on another persons perspective; compex abstract thought difficult; conservation developed- water in the glass

Question 15

What happens during the concrete operational stage?

Answer 15

begin to use logical thinkgin

Question 16

What happens during formal operatiosn?

Answer 16

abstract thought- what ifs; moral reasoning

Question 17

What is Shaping?

Answer 17

encouraging a behviour to move closer and closer to what you want someone to do ultimately

Question 18

What is the basic principle of Erikson’s stage theory?

Answer 18

At each stage of life, there is a main conflict and a particular virtue at each which develops in old age

Question 19

What did Vygotsky think about learning?

Answer 19

that children need to shaped, need encouragement and guidance to develop through the zone of proximal development

Question 20

What are cognitive development models like now in comparison to the past?

Answer 20

they are now more “domain specific” rather than gloval. There are critical periods attached to specific domain

Question 21

What are the 3 main issues aroudn adolexcence?

Answer 21

brain cortex gret/white matter changes; change in balance of dopamine circuits; increasing importance of peer group standards and involvemtn

Question 22

What happens to grey matter during adolescnece?

Answer 22

wanes in a back to front wave as the brain matures and neural connectsion are pruned

Question 23

Which part of hte brain handles reasoning and other executive functions?

Answer 23

pre-frontal cortex

Question 24

What are the executive functions?

Answer 24

risk analysis; concentration; working memory; impulse control; processing speed; decision making

Question 25

What is the reward deficiency syndrome?

Answer 25

changes in dopamine balance can cause lowering of mood because less pleasure is obtained from apparently positive experiences. It means that adolescents seek out environmental novelty and risk; sensation and drug thrills