Childhood psychology Flashcards
How can maternal stress affect a growing fetus?
the higher levels of cortisol can cause probelms with emotional development
How can the timing of onception have an affect on a childs development?
babies born in winter are much more likely to have learning difficulties ?vit D
What 3 things are combined in Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
Cognitive factors; behavioural factors and environmental factors
What is the Piaget stage of 0-2 years?
sensorimotor
What is the Piaget stage of 2-7 years?
preoperational
What is the Piaget stage of 7-11 years?
concrete operational
What is the Piaget stage of 11+
formal operations
What is Id?
unconscious motives eg sexual apetites
What is Ego?
thought that balances Id and responses to the world around
What is Superego?
higher though eg moral and ethical thinking
What are the 3 phases that the human goes through according to Freud?
0-2= oral
3-5= anal phase (witholding or allowing excretion)
later childhood and adulthood= phallic
What is Marlow’s heirarchy of need?
a pyramid that starts with psychological then safety then love/belonging then esteem then self-actualisation. You need the blocks on the lower levels before progessing upwards
What happens during hte sensorimotor stage?
discover sensations; unable to recognise object permanence; start to learn symbols
What happens during hte preoperational stage?
cant take on another persons perspective; compex abstract thought difficult; conservation developed- water in the glass
What happens during the concrete operational stage?
begin to use logical thinkgin
What happens during formal operatiosn?
abstract thought- what ifs; moral reasoning
What is Shaping?
encouraging a behviour to move closer and closer to what you want someone to do ultimately
What is the basic principle of Erikson’s stage theory?
At each stage of life, there is a main conflict and a particular virtue at each which develops in old age
What did Vygotsky think about learning?
that children need to shaped, need encouragement and guidance to develop through the zone of proximal development
What are cognitive development models like now in comparison to the past?
they are now more “domain specific” rather than gloval. There are critical periods attached to specific domain
What are the 3 main issues aroudn adolexcence?
brain cortex gret/white matter changes; change in balance of dopamine circuits; increasing importance of peer group standards and involvemtn
What happens to grey matter during adolescnece?
wanes in a back to front wave as the brain matures and neural connectsion are pruned
Which part of hte brain handles reasoning and other executive functions?
pre-frontal cortex
What are the executive functions?
risk analysis; concentration; working memory; impulse control; processing speed; decision making
What is the reward deficiency syndrome?
changes in dopamine balance can cause lowering of mood because less pleasure is obtained from apparently positive experiences. It means that adolescents seek out environmental novelty and risk; sensation and drug thrills
