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Pediatrics Unit 3 > Childhood Cancer > Flashcards

Childhood Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Childhood Cancer: Cancer Usually Affects:

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Childhood Cancer: Histologic Type

A

Embryonal, Leukemia, Lymphoma

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3
Q

Childhood Cancer: Most Common Sites

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
  3. Brain
  4. Bone
  5. Kidney
  6. Muscle
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4
Q

Childhood Cancer: Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

A

Only a small amount of environmental influence proven

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5
Q

Childhood Cancer: Cancer Prevention

A

Little Known

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6
Q

Childhood Cancer: Detection

A

Usually incidental or accidental

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7
Q

Childhood Cancer: Latent Period

A

Relatively Short

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8
Q

Childhood Cancer: Extent of Disease

A

Metastasis often present at diagnosis

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9
Q

Childhood Cancer: Response to Treatment

A

Very Responsive

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10
Q

Warning Signs of Cancer in Children

A
  1. Most often related to changes in blood cell production
  2. As a result of compression, infiltration, or obstruction caused by the tumor
  • Changes in blood cell production may result in FATIGUE, PALLOR, FREQUENT OR SEVERE INFECTION, EASY BRUISING*
  • Infiltration, obstruction, or compression by a tumor may result in BONE OR ABDOMINAL PAIN, PAIN IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY, SWELLING OR UNUSAL DISCHARGE*
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11
Q

Adult Cancer: Cancer Usually Affects

A

Organ

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12
Q

Adult Cancer: Histologic Type

A

Epithelial in Origin

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13
Q

Adult Cancer: Most Common Sites

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Prostate
  4. Bowel
  5. Bladder
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14
Q

Adult Cancer: Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

A

Strong Influence on Cancer Development

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15
Q

Adult Cancer: Cancer Prevention

A

80% preventable

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16
Q

Adult Cancer: Detection

A

Very early detection possible if screening recommendations followed

17
Q

Adult Cancer: Latent Period

A

Can be very long (20 years or greater)

18
Q

Adult Cancer: Extent of Disease

A

Metastasis less often present at diagnosis

19
Q

Adult Cancer: Response to Treatment

A

Less responsive

20
Q

Common Medical Treatment for Pediatric Cancer Diagnosis

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Radiation
  3. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
21
Q

Chemotherapy

A
  1. Chemotherapy works by cell cycle-specific agents exert their actions during a specific phase of the cell cycle
  2. Chemotherapy works by cell cycle-nonspecific drug exert their effect on the cells regardless of which phase the cell is in
  3. Often use a combination of drugs that act on different phases of the cell cycle, maximizing the destruction of cancer cells
  4. Chemotherapeutic medications disrupt the cell cycle of both the cancer cell and normal cells
  5. Cells affected by chemotherapy are those in the bone marrow, digestive tract, the reproductive system and hair follicles
22
Q

Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy

A
  1. Immunosuppression
  2. Infection
  3. Myelosuppression
  4. Nausea and Vomiting
  5. Constipation
  6. Oral Mucositis
  7. Alopecia
  8. Pain
23
Q

Long-Term Complications of Chemotherapy

A
  1. Microdontia and Missing Teeth
  2. Hearing and Vision Changes
  3. Hematopoietic
  4. Immunologic
  5. Gonadal Dysfunction
  6. Endocrine Dysfunction
  7. Alterations in Cardio-Respiratory, GI, Genitourinary Systems
  8. Development of a second cancer as an adolescent or adult
24
Q

Radiation Therapy

A
  1. Uses high-energy radiation to damage or kill cells
  2. Affects not only cancer cells but also any rapidly growing cells with which they are in contact
  3. May be used as a curative, adjuvant, or palliative treatment, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy
  4. Area that is treated is marked carefully to minimize damage to normal cells
25
Q

Adverse Effects of Radiation Therapy

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Nausea and Vomiting
  3. Oral Mucositis
  4. Myelosuppression
  5. Alteration in skin integrity at the site of irradiation
26
Q

Long-Term Complications of Radiation Therapy

A
  1. Related to the area of the body that was irradiated and includes alterations in growth
  2. Hormone Dysfunction
  3. Hearing and Vision Alteration
  4. Learning Problems
  5. Cardiac Dysfunction
  6. Pulmonary Fibrosis
  7. Hepatic, Sexual or Renal Dysfunction
  8. Osteoporosis
  9. Development of Secondary Cancer (particularly at the site of irradiation)
27
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

A
  1. Also called Bone Marrow Transplantation
  2. A procedure in which hematopoietic stem cells are infused intravenously into the child followed by purging of abnormal cells in the child that is accomplished through high-dosed chemotherapy or radiation
  3. The use of high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation kills the tumor cells but also destroys the child’s bone marrow
  4. Used for Leukemia, Lymphoma, Brain Tumors, Neuroblastoma and other solid tumors
  5. NOT THE FIRST LINE OF TREATMENT
28
Q

Complications of Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

A
  1. Infection
  2. Electrolyte Infection
  3. Bleeding and Organ, Skin, and Mucous membrane toxicities
29
Q

Long-term Complications of Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

A
  1. Impaired growth and fertility related to endocrine dysfunction
  2. Developmental Delays
  3. Cataracts
  4. Pulmonary and Cardiac Disease
  5. Avascular Necrosis of the bone
  6. Development of Secondary Cancer
30
Q

Nursing Assessment: Signs of Changes in the Hematological System

A

Skin Changes
1. Pallor
2. Bruising
3. Flushing

  • Changes in mental status such as lethargy can indicate a decrease in Hgb and a decreased amount of oxygen being delivered to the brain
31
Q

Nursing Assessment: Health History

A
  1. Birth and Maternal History (note low birth weight and gestational diabetes and vitamin given after birth)
  2. 7
32
Q

Oncologic Emergencies: Sepsis

A
  1. Associated with neutropenia resulting from bone marrow suppression due to chemotherapy
  2. Signs and Symptoms:
    > Fever or low temperature
    > Respiratory Distress
    > Poor Perfusion
    > Altered LOC
  3. Labs
    > ANC <500
    > Positive Blood Cultures
    > Increased BUN, Creatinine, Potassium, Clotting Times
    > Decreased Platelets
    > Metabolic Acidosis
  4. Management:
    > Airway and Ventilation Maintenance
    > Fluid Volume Resuscitation
    > Broad-spectrum antibiotics
33
Q

Oncologic Emergencies: Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A
  1. Associated with ALL, Lymphoma and Neuroblastoma
  2. Signs and Symptoms:
    > Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea, Anorexia
    > Lethargy
    > Increased heart rate and blood pressure
    > Decreased or absent urine output
    > Altered LOC
  3. Management:
    > Double IV fluid maintenance
    > Sodium Bicarbonate
    > Prevent by giving allopurinol for several days prior to chemotherapy

Pediatrics Unit 3 (11 decks)

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