Childhood And Adolescent Nutrition Flashcards
Preadolescent years
- moderate growth rate
- nutrient requirements important: lay down reserves in preparation for adolescent growth spurt
- eating habits influenced by peer pressure more than parent’s
Adolescent nutrition requirements
- increase markedly
- protein available for growth ONLY if total energy needs are met by diet
Adolescent growth spurt
Physiological growth stage (Tanner staging) vs chronological age best indicator for establishing requirements
T/F skeletal growth continues longer in females than males
False! Longer in males
_% of skeletal mass is formed during adolescence
45%
Why should iron requirements increase for adolescents?
- increased blood volume, hemoglobin, myoglobin synthesis
- onset of menses
Assessing diets in adolescents
- adequacy and content of calorie intake
- balance food/beverages from food groups
- evaluate eating patterns
- consider intake of specific nutrients
What should you watch for in calorie intake in adolescents?
- increase discretionary calories
- decrease fruit and veggies
What eating patterns should you look for in adolescents?
- breakfast
- consumption of foods away from home
- increase % of calories from snacks, sweetened beverages and nutrient sparse foods
How should you estimate calories?
EER: based on height, weight, age and physical activity
DRI calcium 9-18 years old
1,300 mg/day
T/F 14-18 year old men require more iron than women
False! Women require more (menses)
Nutritional concerns in adolescents
- malnutrition & poverty
- growth spurt onset
- food fads, vitamins, athletes
- pregnancy
- eating disorders
- overweight/obesity
- hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease
- bone mineralization and osteoporosis
Poverty and malnutrition in adolescents
- poor nutrition and cognitive function
- reduction in potential brain growth or CNS development
- poor performance on measures of cognitive ability
- malnourished children unprepared to benefit age appropriate educational experiences
An estimate __% of teens engage in some type of abnormal eating
20%
__% of high school girls have been diagnosed with an ED
5%
Possible characteristics of ED in adolescents
- thin/ideal
- family pressure
- high achiever
- unrealistic expectations
Dental health in adolescens
- cariogenic bacteria present in some foods
- fluoride
- consistent brushing
- flossing
Assessing growth in adolescents
- CDC growth charts
- BMI percentile (not BMI as for adults)
BMI percentiles 5-84%
healthy weight
BMI percentiles 85-94%
overweight
BMI percentiles 95-98%
obese
BMI percentiles >99%
obese with increased risk
Health consequences of obesity
- cardiovascular disease
- T2D
- HTN
- orthopedic related issues
- sleep apnea
- gall bladder disease or non-alcoholic steathohepatitis (NASH) or fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Treatment of pediatric obestiy
- multidisciplinary
- comprehensive
- formal behavior modification
- family based
AAP 5-2-0-1 for pediatrics
5 servings fruits/veggies
2 hours screen time
0 no sugar beverages
1 hour play
What have been associated with degree of early atherosclerotic changes, carotid intimamedia thickness?
childhood lipid and BP levels
Children at risk for T2D
- family history
- American Indian, African american, hispanic, asian
- BMI >85th%
- acanthuses nicrigans (related to insulin resistance); staging 1-2-3-4
Treatment of T2D in children
- insulin and oral agents
- physical activity
- medical nutrition therapy
- family therapy
- behavior modificaiton
AHA recommended eating pattern for familes
- calories adequate to support growth
- low sat fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt
- variety of foods
- eat only enough to maintain healthy weight
- 60 min physical activity
- whole-grains/high fiber
- variety of fruits and veggies
- limit juice
- regularly serve fish (avoid fried)
- fat free and low fat dairy
- don’t overfeed
