Childhood and adolescence Flashcards
What 5 cognitive skills do children develop?
- Psychomotor skills -physical movement related to conscious cognitive process
- Perception
- Memory
- Language
- Reasoning
Which 4 social skills do children develop?
- Attachments
- Rules and how to behave
- Relationships
- Friendships
What are the 3 main theories of child development?
- Piaget
- Erikson
- Vygotsky
What did Vygotsky emphasise with regard to child development and how does this occur?
He emphasised social and cultural influences on development.
This occurs through
- scaffolding
- guided participation
- Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky claimed we are born with 4 elementary mental functions, what are they?
- Attention
- Sensation
- Perception
- Memory
What is the zone of proximal development?
Each culture provides children with tools of intellectual adaptation that allow them to use the basic mental functions more effectively/adaptively. E.g., methods of thinking and problem-solving strategies.
This development ideally happens in the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development, which represents what we can do with the help of a “more knowledgeable other
What is guided participation (Vygotsky)?
This is when adults assist students when they are performing adult like activities
What is scaffolding (Vygotsky)?
When educators or more competent peers provide activities to support the student with their learning
Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate human development from four interrelated perspectives, what are they?
- Microgenetic - changes that occur over brief periods of time
- Ontogenetic - Development over a lifetime
- Phylogenetic - Development over evolutionary time
- Sociohistorical - changes that have occurred in one’s culture and the values, norms and technologies that have been generated
What are 3 reasons for variation in development?
- Individual differences
- Environmental factors
- Developmental or congenital disorders
What are 3 reasons for variation in development?
- Individual differences
- Environmental factors
- Developmental or congenital disorders
What was Piaget’s view on child development?
Children progress through a series of fixed stages which appear to be related to brain growth. The brain does not fully develop until late adolescence and is later in males
What was Erikson’s view on development and what does each stage have?
Outlined ‘psychosocial’ rather than ‘sexual’ stages of development. Each stage has a normative crisis which is a conflict between 2 conflicting personalities
