Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

term: Childhood

A

an innocent period in individuals early life, socially constructed as can vary in other cultures

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2
Q

term: biological determinism

A

most human characteristics- physical & mental are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parents

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3
Q

term: social construction

A

human characteristics made by societu grow up in, peoples behaviours moulded by surroundings

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4
Q

4 reasons for development of childhood:

A
  • compulsory education
  • child labour laws
  • decrease in infant mortality rate
  • Children Protection & Welfare Legislation
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5
Q

how has children laws developed childhood?

A

no longer economic asset but economic liability

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6
Q

Children Protection and Welfare Legislation

A

1989 Children’s Act- welfare of children is fundamental
UN Conventions on Rights of Children- basic rights

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7
Q

culture + history

what are the behaviours and attitudes towards childhood?

A

aren’t the same everywhere(cross culture) in the world and hasn’t been for all times(historically). not universal

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8
Q

industrialisation impact on childhood

A
  • modern industry needs on educated workforce: requires compulsory schooling
  • higher standards of living & better welfare provision: lower IMR
  • agriculture to factory production
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9
Q

term: information hierarchy

A

when children kept out of loop as wasn’t able to access info

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10
Q

conventional approach to childhood

A

children vunerable & need protection, can’t fend for themselves, adults must make decisions to ensure children cared for

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11
Q

social class differences in childhood

A
  • poor mothers more likely low birth weight babies
  • children of unskilled manual workers 3x more likely experience conduct disorders
  • child in poor fam likely suffer longstanding illness, fall behind school
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12
Q

ethnicity differences in childhood

A
  • not all children share same status/ experiences
  • children from diff nationalities likely experience diff childhoods and chances
  • 90% worlds low weight babies born in developing countires
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13
Q

gender differences in childhood- Hillman 1993 & Bonke 1999

A
  • Hillman: boys more likely allowed to cross roads, use buses, go out after dark
  • Bonke: girls more domestic labour especially in lone parent fans where do 5x more housework than boys
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14
Q

ethnicity and gender differences in childhood- Brannen 1994 & Bhatti 1999

A
  • Brannen: study if 15-16yr olds found Asian parents stricter towards daughters
  • Bhatti: found ideas of Izzat (family honor) could be restriction particularly on behav of girls
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15
Q

Historical Evidence of childhood as social construct: Aries

A
  • looked at paintings
  • in middle ages childhood didn’t exist, children as mini adults
  • 1700-1800 economic asset
  • 1800-1900 economic role marginalised
  • 1900-1950 economically worthless
  • 1950+ active role in fam
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16
Q

Historical Evidence of childhood as social construct: age of leaving education

A

compulsory education in 1880-5-10yrs
socially unacceptable & illegal to leave school and work full time ag 12

17
Q

Historical Evidence of childhood as social construct: age of marriage

A

minimum legal age for marriage in britain 16 at 1929, before girls married at 12 & boys at 14

18
Q

Historical Evidence of childhood as social construct: Jane Pitcher 1995

A

seperated was of childhood from other life phases
children have diff rights and duties from adults & r regulated & protected by laws

19
Q

Cross Cultural Evidence of childhood as social construct: Wagg 1992

A

construction of childhood varies across diff historical & cultural societies bf of cross cultural diffs children not always seen as vunerable

20
Q

Cross Cultural Evidence of childhood as social construct: Punch 2001

A

children growing up in countryside in Bolivia given responsibilities & work to perform at 5- contrasts western attitudes towards child labour

21
Q

Cross Cultural Evidence of childhood as social construct: Ruth Benedict

A

childhood diff in 3 ways
- responsibility at earlier age( Samoan village: children never too young to perform task)
- less value placed on children showing obedience to adults(Tikopia: doing as told not a ribjt to be expected by adult)
- children sexual behaviours often viewed differently(Trobriand Islanders: girls want sex as much as boys)

22
Q

Neil Postman

A

Disappearance of childhood due to information hierarchy where children now have access to things usually kept private from them due to media, television and being able to read

23
Q

Sue Palmer

A

Toxic Childhood- children spend more time in front of television and screens rather than spending time with family, declines in traditional upbringing

24
Q

Shorter 1975

A

society has functional need for better educated citizens + lower IMR= school leaving age increased

25
Q

conflict theories against childhood getting better

A
  1. children now too controlled + too overprotected ‘paranoid parenting’
  2. Postman
  3. tech changes resulted in harm to children
  4. inequalities between children- not equal progress
26
Q

Iona Opie 1993

A
  • childhood not disappearing
  • strong evidence of separate children’s culture like games, rhymes
27
Q
A