Childbearing and childrearing: lesson 32&33

Question 1

Name key trends regarding lone parent households

Answer 1

• increasing
• lone mothers are 90%
• prior to 1990 majority of lone mothers were divorced. Now they’re never married

Question 2

Why are less women getting married?

Answer 2

• changes to women’s roles
• changed social attitudes

Question 3

Why do lone mother make up the majority of lone parents?

Answer 3

• ‘natural caregivers’
• men less willing to give up work

Question 4

What are the reasons for growing lone parent households?

Answer 4

• change in law
• change in attitude
• secularisation
• rising expectations of marriage
• individualism

Question 5

What are the new rights opinion on the welfare state?

Answer 5

• creates welfare dependency
• rewards anti social behaviour

Question 6

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 6

• relationship between working and non working part of population
• taxes of independent must be enough to fund dependent

Question 7

How does birth rate effect dependency ratio?

Answer 7

• birth rate falls, less children, less funding needed
• fewer adults = fewer workers
• burden of dependency increases
• birth rate rises, dependents increase but long term more independent

Question 8

What to do if dependant ratio is too large?

Answer 8

• raising taxes
• raising retirement age

Question 9

Key facts regarding reconstituted families

Answer 9

• growing
• 10% were reconstituted in 2018
• children in reconstituted usually come from women
  
  • 85% have at least one child from mum
  • 11% have at least one child from dad
  • 4% have at least one child from both
• more likely to be in poverty

Question 10

What are the reasons for the rise in reconstituted families?

Answer 10

• change in law
• change in attitudes
• individualism
• secularisation
• rising expectations in marriage

Question 11

What’s the difference between child bearing and child rearing?

Answer 11

Childbearing: carrying and having a child
Child rearing: raising a child

Question 12

What is the birth rate?

Answer 12

Number of babies born in given year

Question 13

What is fertility rate?

Answer 13

Average number of babies born to a woman in her reproductive years (15-44)

Question 14

Name key trends regarding women having children

Answer 14

• 9% of women born in 1946 were child free at 45
• 19% of women born in 1973 were child free at 45
• women in 1971 had there first child at 26.5
• women in 2016 have first child at 30.7

Question 15

Explain attitudes and declining stigma regarding women having children

Answer 15

• decline in stigma towards premarital sex and children born out of wedlock
• parenthood now seen as stressful lifelong commitment by some
• increased cohabitation

Question 16

Explain secularisation women having children

Answer 16

• religion as an institution traditionally supports childbirth within marriage
• as religion declines so does amount of people following it

Question 17

Explain changes to position of women in regards to women having children

Answer 17

• more education and career paths
• fertility and birth rate decrease
• some women child free

Question 18

Explain economic reasons in regards to women having children

Answer 18

• cost of raising child is substantial
• increased cost of living

Question 19

Explain Improved contraception in regards to women having children

Answer 19

• social policies made them available
• women can control when they have children

Question 20

Explain decline infant mortality rate

Answer 20

• declined due to scientific improvement
• improved post-maternal check up
• less children as more are surviving