child/ teen depression Flashcards
What are some emotional symptoms of depression?
-sadness
-irritability
-easily frustrated
-anhedonia
What is anhedonia?
Loss of interest
What are some cognitive symptoms of depression?
-low self-worth, guilt, hopelessness
-poor concentration, decision-making
-thoughts of death & suicidal ideation
What are some physical symptoms of depression?
- insomnia, hypersomnia
- fatigue, loss of energy
-psychomotor retardation & agitation - appetite & weight changes
What behaviors correlate with depression?
- Inactivity & boredom
- Socially withdrawn
How do we measure symptoms of depression?
- By using checklists
How do we diagnose depression?
- By conduction interviews
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder?
- preteens: 2-5%
- Teens: 10-20 %
What is the lifetime prevalence of persistent depression disorder?
- Preteens: 1%
- teens: 5%
What are the accompanying symptoms of depression?
-Crying
- somatic complaints
-school avoidance
- oppositional behaviors
What happens with gender intensification in regards to who they spend their time with?
- Girls increase in time spent with others
- Boys increase in solitary activity
What are some biological changes during puberty?
- Increase in females gonadal hormones
- Estrogen & Progesterone - Triggers increases in oxytocin
- Promotes affiliative behavior - Biological readiness for females to form afflictive bonds
What is the lifetimes prevalence of subsyndromal symptoms?
- preteen: 15-20%
- teens: 15-30%
What are some social changes that happen during puberty?
- Reorganization of family organizations
- Reorganizations of peer relationships
- May threaten girls more than boys
What are some sex differences in depression?
- Preteen: generally equal
- Early- mid adolescence: more females than males get depressions
What did we find in the gender-linked difference study by Cyranowski (about relationships)?
- Girls prefer close and intimate relationships
- develop a sense of self in connection with others - Boys prefer independence and develop a sense of self-related to achievement
What are some genetic influences with depression?
- Behavior Genetics:
- depression runs in family
- Affects MZ twins more - Molecular Genetics:
- Abnormalities in seratonin transporter gene and in Brain-deprived neurotrophic factor
What is a Brain-deprived Neurotrophic factor?
- It is a protein involved in brain plasticity and response to stress
What happens to the brain due to depression?
-reduce frontal lobe activation
-over activation of amygdala
-reduced activation to monetary reward
- heightened activation in anterior cingulate cortex during exclusion predicts depression overtime
* - especially in teens with history of peer vicimization
What are the roles of hormones in depression?
- dysregulation of HPA axis (cortisol)
- They mediate effects of early adversity
- sensitization of later stress - Can be a marker of depression risks
- higher cortisol in infants of depressed mothers
Which brain region has to do with depression? what is wrong with those regions?
- Brain abnormalities in structure of limbic system (emotions) and prefrontal cortex (attention & executive functions)
What are some cognitive schemas?
- Filter through which process social information
- Negative Automatic Thoughts
- “I am a failure”
- “ Nobody Likes me” - Negative Cognitive Triad
- Self, world, and Future - Rigid & resistant to change
What are some reciprocal models of peer influence?
- Depression contributes to social problems that maintain & exacerbate symptoms
- Self- perpetuating cycle
what kind of Family Stressors increases likelihood of depression?
- Marital Discord
- Parent- child conflict
- Less cohesive, more disengaged
