Child-directed Speech Flashcards
How does phonology change in child-directed speech
phonology changes in child-directed speech by speaking more slowly, separating phrases distinctly, exaggerating intonation to draw attention to key lexemes and use of higher and wider pitch ranges
How does lexis and semantics change in child-directed speech
Lexis and semantics change in child-directed speech by using concrete nouns and dynamic verbs and adopting the child’s own language for things (e.g. doggie) and absence of pronouns instead using child’s name frequently
How does grammar change in child-directed speech
Grammar changes in child-directed speech by frequently using imperatives, high degree of repetition and fewer verbs, adjectives and modifiers
What is echoing
Echoing is when adult repeats what child said back to them
What is expansion
Expansion is when adult restates what child said in more grammatical sense
What is expatiation
Expatiation is when adult expands further on a word by giving more information
What is over-articulating
Over-articulating is when adult repeats child’s word with more precise sounds such as “YEES”, “FAHR”
How do high socioeconomic mothers use child-directed speech
High socioeconomic mothers use child-directed speech by using longer utterances (so children have broader vocabulary), talk more than low SE mothers and also use speech to elicit conversation from children
How do low socioeconomic mothers use child-directed speech
Low socioeconomic mothers use child-directed speech by using short utterances, talk less than high SE mothers and also use speech to direct children’s behaviour rather than converse with children
How many utterances do children of high SE mothers hear compared to low SE mothers
children of high SE mothers hear 11,000 utterances compared to 700 utterances from low SE mothers
How does differences in SE mother child-directed speech support Bruner’s interactionist approach
Differences in SE mother child-directed speech support Bruner’s interactionist approach as it shows better quality of interaction equals better quality of child language
How do children of high SE mothers have better language development
Children of high SE mothers have better language development as they’re surrounded by their mothers more often as low SE mothers will have to work more often and so lack time to communicate
Bottom-up approach to learning to read
Bottom-up approach to learning to read is that children should learn basics of phonics and how to decode words before text comprehension as they need a foundation of language first
How does Gough support bottom-up approach to learning to read
Gough supports bottom-up approach to learning to read as he said the reading process is linear and so reading comprehension is a product of language comprehension
Meta-cognitive approach to learning to read
Meta-cognitive approach to learning to read is that children should learn to understand their own thoughts which will give them the capacity to understand what they’ve read and this is seen in transcripts where child rereads what they’ve read and asks parents questions to clarify what they’ve read
what is Barclay’s mock letter stage of writing
Barclay’s mock letter stage of writing is around age 4 when children make letter like shapes that resemble the alphabet
what is Barclay’s conventional letter stage of writing
Barclay’s conventional letter stage of writing is around age 5 where letters across a page typically resemble the first name
what is Barclay’s invented spelling stage of writing
Barclay’s invented spelling stage of writing is around age 6 when child clusters letters to make words and child may ask “what did I just write”
what is Barclay’s phonetic spelling stage of writing
Barclay’s phonetic spelling stage of writing is around age 6/7 where children begin to associate sounds with letters
what is Barclay’s conventional spelling stage of writing
Barclay’s conventional spelling stage of writing is around age 8 where child’s approximated/phonetic spelling becomes more conventional
what is Kroll’s consolidation stage of writing development
Kroll’s consolidation stage of writing development is around age 7-9 where children can write words to express what they can already say in speech often colloquialisms and unfinished sentences and clauses linked by “and”
what is Kroll’s differentiation stage of writing development
Kroll’s differentiation stage of writing development is around age 9-10 where children develop organised writings and experiment with structures they’ve seen in reading
what is Kroll’s integration stage of writing development
Kroll’s integration stage of writing development is age 11+ where writers can stylistically develop a personal way of writing which develops throughout adult life
what did Clark-Stewart find about child-directed speech
Clark-Stewart found about child-directed speech that children whose mothers talk more have larger vocabularies
