Child Development (Novotny) - 10/11/16

Question 1

Describe the developmental trajectory of language skills.

Answer 1

• Infants learn language in utero
• Language develops from the moment a baby is born and responds to parents
• Develop from minimally verbal (cooing and babbling, single words) to fully verbal (short sentences, phrases) by pre-school
• Toddler years = important for language development

Question 2

Where can language delay present?

Answer 2

Neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e. autism)

Question 3

Describe the social development of infants.

Answer 3

Infancy

• Begins with attachment to caregiver (separation and individuation - Mahler)
• Attachment can provide basis for resilience in the face of hardship later in life (attachment theory - Bowlby

Toddlers

• Show interest in other children
• Develops parallel play

Preschool

• Develop friendships with other children
• Interact with peers in simple games and pretend scenarios (cops and robbers, house)
• Develop social hierarchy –> bullying possible

Question 4

Describe the Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the relationship between memory and language?

Answer 5

Explicit memory appears to be tied to language development.

• Children start to remember when they start to learn language

Question 6

Describe the emotional development of children.

Answer 6

• Infants: basic pleasure and displeasure
• 1-2 mo: joy
• 2 mo: fear develops and becomes increasingly specific
• 2-3 mo: sadness
• 4-6 mo: anger
• 2-3 yrs: empathy, shame, guilt

Question 7

Describe the psychological development of kids.

Answer 7

Multiple theories:

• Psychodynamic (psychosexual)
  
  • Different stages: Oral, anal, oedipal
• Eriksonian
  
  • Different stages based on acquiring skills
• Attachment
  
  • Discussed during social development
• Temperament
  
  • Easy, slow to warm up, difficult
    
    • Goodness of fit

Question 8

Explain the psychodynamic theory.

Answer 8

• Oral stage (0-18 mo)
  
  • Main source of pleasure: eating, nursing, exploring the environment with mouth
• Anal stage (18-36 mo)
  
  • Pleasure in being able to control one’s bowel (toilet training)
• Phallic stage (36-48 mo)
  
  • Exploration of one’s genitals
• Oedipal stage (4-6 yrs)
  
  • Practicing adulthood through rivalry with same sex parent and attraction to opposite sex parent
    
    • Boys will flowers to mommy
    • Girls will dress pretty for daddy
• Latency stage (7-10 yrs)
  
  • No significant psychosexual development
  • Children are occupied with obtaining skills in social, academic, and emotional regulation
• Adolescence (11-20 yrs)
  
  • Begins with puberty (sexual reawakening)
  • 3 stages: early, middle, late
• Adulthood

Question 9

Explain the Eriksonian Theory.

Answer 9

Question 10

Compare Freud’s and Erikson’s stages of development.

Answer 10

Question 11

Describe moral development as put forth by Kohlberg.

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe biobehavioral shifts.

Answer 12

Major periods of development with multiple layers of change

• 2-3 mo
  
  • Settles into babyhood
  • No longer neonate
  • Starts to development attachment
• 7-9 mo
  
  • Crawling, mobility
  • Exploring the world
• 18-20 mo
  
  • Language develops
  • Changes relationships from self to others
• 3-4 yrs
  
  • Early childhood, more indepedent
• 6-7 yrs
  
  • Memory improves
  • Able to start formal learning, attend school
• 11-13 yrs
  
  • Puberty
  • Major overall brain structure
  • Development of sexuality
  • Development of sense of outside world