Child Development Flashcards
Describe the 7 steps involved in the prenatal structural formation of the brain
Mitosis Migration Aggregation, differentiation Synaptogenesis -dendritic arborisation Neuron death -eliminate redundant elements Myelination -connections made more efficient
Describe how the brain develops postnatally
Synaptogenesis and neuron death
Increased dendritic arborisation
Myelination
Develops from the back to the front
-prefrontal lobe is the last to develop, controls planning and impulse control
Development of higher cognitive function predominantly here
What factors can lead to prenatal atypical development
- consequences during the critical development period
- consequences during the growth period
Teratogens, alcohol, drugs
Maternal health, nutrition
Infections
Critical development
-major congenital anomalies
Growth period
-functional defects, minor congenital issues
What is the significance of adverse childhood experiences on development
Link between no of ACEs and no of health risk factors that lead to early death
What are the 4 stages of child development
What are they characterised by
Infancy (0-2)
- attachment
- understand world via senses
- perceptual, motor development
Early childhood (2-6)
- role and group fantasy play
- language development
Middle childhood (6-12)
- friendship, teamwork
- cause and effect, conservation
Adolescence (12-18)
- physical, emotional, sexual development
- abstract thought
Describe the factors that lead to postnatal atypical development
Birth complications
CNS infection
Nutrition
Environmental, SE
Can affect brain development
What is spina bifida
What are the causes and consequences
Spinal cord closure fails
(Dorsal induction 3-4wks)
Genetic/folate deficiency
Motor/perceptual deficit
What is holoprosencephaly
What are the causes and effect
2 hemispheres fail to form
(Ventral induction 5-6wks)
Genetic cause
Incompatible with life
What is microencephaly
What are the causes and consequences
Cell division stops early (2-5months)
Genetic, infection, feral alcohol
Small head, low intellectual ability
Describe the steps in motor development
- gross
- fine
When should you be concerned
Gross (can all overlap, get worried if not all achieved by 2 years)
- sits alone
- stand with help
- crawl
- walk with help
- stand alone
- walk alone
Fine
- palmar reflex
- hands in mouth
- holds
- palmar grasp
- transitional grasp
- tripod grasp
Describe the 5 steps in language development
Preverbal
-responds to words, points
Phonological
-multisyllabic babbles
Semantic
-1st words
Syntax, grammar
-sentences
Pragmatic
-conversation
What is social learning
Behaviour acquired by observing significant others
What are the 4 steps in social development
- infancy
- early childhood
- middle childhood
- adolescence
Infancy
- non specific smiles => increased specificity to caregiver
- separation anxiety
- social referencing
Early childhood
- physical appearance
- high opinion of own ability
Middle childhood
- comparison to others
- realistic opinion of self
Adolescent
- reflect and evaluate
- understand change and inconsistency
How does our vision develop
- babies
- 6 years old
Babies
- fixate on areas
- active info seeking
- develops preference for faces
6 years old
-scan environment => selective attention
Describe the 4 step cognitive pathway for acquiring new knowledge
Schema
-structure used in specific circumstances
Assimilation
-use schema to make sense of things
Accommodation
-change schema, add info
Equilibration
-balance assimilation, accommodation
