Child Development

Question 1

What is a developmental milestone?

Answer 1

Key stages when a new skill develops

Question 2

What is the median age for a developmental milestone?

Answer 2

The age by which 50% of the population have developed the skill.

Question 3

What is the limit age for a developmental milestone?

Answer 3

The age by which 97.5% or 2SD of children have achieved the skill.

Question 4

What are the main principles of development?

Answer 4

A continuous process
Sequence is always the same but rate varies
Generalised mass activity to more specific fine motor control
Cephalocaudal direction

Question 5

What does cephalocaudal direction mean?

Answer 5

Develop from the head down

Question 6

What are the key areas of development?

Answer 6

Gross motor
Fine motor
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

Question 7

Within the key areas of development was is important to take into account?

Answer 7

That the rates can vary between the areas, normally if large improvements made in a one then slower progress is made in another.

Question 8

Which two areas are more closely linked than the others?

Answer 8

Speech and hearing and fine motor

Need good motor control of the muscles of the tongue and mouth.

Question 9

What are primitive reflexes?

Answer 9

Ingrained mechanisms that we are born with, would ave served a survival evolutionary benefit, need to be lost in order to develop.

Question 10

What are some primitive reflexes?

Answer 10

Sucking and rooting - finding the nipple
Palmar and plantar grip - feet and hands grip to anything that touches them
ATNR - whichever way head faces when asleep arms is thrown out to stop rolling off things.

Question 11

What is ATNR?

Answer 11

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

Question 12

What is a developmental delay?

Answer 12

Failure to reach milestones before limit age

Question 13

What are the patterns of developmental delay?

Answer 13

Delay
Deviation
Digression

Question 14

What are the types and common causes of Delay?

Answer 14

Global delay (affects all areas of development)- downs  
Specific delay - Duchennes muscular dystrophy

Question 15

What is a common causes of deviation?

Answer 15

Autism

Question 16

What are some common causes of regression ?

Answer 16

Retts syndrome or metabolic disorders

Question 17

What are some red flags for developmental delay?

Answer 17

Asymmetry of movement 
Not reaching for objects by 6 months
Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
Unable to walk by 18 months  
No speech by 18 months 
Loss of skills
Vision or hearing worries

Question 18

What is Duchennes muscular dystrophy?

Answer 18

X linked condition
Loss of muscular power leading to early death
Often referred in for delayed speech

Question 19

What manoeuvre is associated with duchennes muscular dystrophy ?

Answer 19

Gowers manoeuvres

-linked to pelvic girdle weakness

Question 20

What is cerebral palsy?

Answer 20

A group of conditions resulting in delayed muscular speech development.

Question 21

What is hemiplegic?

Answer 21

Arm and leg on one side is affected

Question 22

What is paraplegic?

Answer 22

Both legs are affected

Question 23

What is diplegic?

Answer 23

Both legs and slight involvement somewhere else

Question 24

What is quadriplegic?

Answer 24

Both arms and legs are affected

Question 25

What else is cerebral palsy associated with?

Answer 25

Learning difficulties
Epilepsy
Visual and hearing impairments
Communication difficulties
Behavioural and feeding issues

Question 26

What is. the autistic triad?

Answer 26

Communication, Social interaction, Flexibility of thought and imagination.

Question 27

What other signs of autism are there?

Answer 27

Restricted or repetitive behaviours

Sensory difficulties e.g overload