Child and Adolescence Development

Question 1

TEST: Gross Motor skills: we’re born with very limited ability to ______, but by the ______ mark, children start to make more ______ movements; with increased independance: 2 yo ______; 3 yo_______; 4 yo ________

Answer 1

do anything, 1 year mark, independent, walking up and downstairs, jumping, riding tricycles, alternate feet going upstairs, hops on one foot, alternate feet going downstairs

Question 2

for fine motor development: at 2 ____, and you need to let them do more things so that they learn (like shoe tying, etc)

Answer 2

holding a thick crayon and dressing independently

Question 3

speech and language: less than 1 is primarily just ______, but _______, around 2______, and around 3 _______

Answer 3

babbling, cooing, laughting, crying, around 1 is when they have their first words. up to around 50 words (can combine 2 simple words) and 50% is understood by others; almost everything they say is undersood by others

Question 4

TEST: Erikson:

Answer 4

focused on Ego and social world, psycho social world, below 1 trust vs mistrust, focus on autonomy vs shame and doubt, automy and independence vs shame and doubt

Question 5

TEST: Piagent’s stages of cognitive development and CONSERVATION

Answer 5

don’t get caught up on the years, but on the preperational stage (2-6) where there is symbolic thought and then 7-8 where there is conservation of thoguht (middle school)

Question 6

in addition to the major milestones of motor development, it is also important to consider:

Answer 6

independence in functioning, and systems around children that inhibit development (parents, etc that allow children to not say proper words, and allow them to not learn to dress themselves, etc)

Question 7

if a child is sitting in a tripod fashion, they would be _____, if standing with support, walking alone___, walks up and downstairs______, riding a tricycle_____, hopping on one foot _______

Answer 7

6 months, 9 months, 15 months, 2 years; 3 years, 4 years

Question 8

by kindergarten, kids should be:

Answer 8

dressing themselves, buttoning buttons, and tying their own shoes

Question 9

the key area or environment in which all the developmental milestones come together is called:

Answer 9

play

Question 10

“The growing and developing youths, faced with this physiological revolution within them, and with tangible adult tasks ahead of them are now primarily concerned with what they appear to be in the eyes of others as compared with what they feel they are, and with the question of how to connect the roles and skills cultivated earlier with the occupational prototypes of the day.” – Erikson (1963)

Answer 10

identity vs role confusion

Question 11

in the stages of psychological development, _______ is a time where you find yourself:

Answer 11

adolesence, in the middle of the spectrum and you are challenged with the issue of IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

Question 12

the stages of increased cognitive development include:

Answer 12

abstract thought, meta-cognition (talking to yourself and solving problems by essentially talking through things yourself), more future oriented, hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 13

one obstacle that physicians must overcome with children undergoing treatment is that:

Answer 13

they lack abstract thinking to see “I need to take this medication to make sure my blood presure does not go up”

Question 14

another obstacle involved with childhood psychology is the fact that

Answer 14

when people are undergoing stress, they have a tendency to revert back to a more premature thinking and level of psychologic thinking

Question 15

executive functino is analogous to:

Answer 15

your frontal lobe acting as a conductor and orchestrating the activation, focus, effort, emotion, memory, and action of the body into a harmoneous symphony

Question 16

anatomically, there is a great deal of _______ that occurs during adolescence

Answer 16

gray matter development in the brain

Question 17

the psychologist _______ is noted for explaining the ______ in which ______ is an important part of adolesence. He breaks ______ into two distint areas involving the _______ (which involves) and the _______ (which involves _________)

Answer 17

steinberg, dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, risk taking; risk taking, socioemotional, cognitive control

Question 18

in regards to risk taking, from ages 12-14, there is a self reported high level of ______, and high level of _______, which when put together in a single organism can lead to behavior that we typically classify as middle adolescnece risk taking behavior

Answer 18

impulsivity, reward seeking

Question 19

the maturity gap described in class refers to

Answer 19

a mature development in subcortical regions like the amygdala at

Question 20

the maturity gap described in class refers to

Answer 20

a mature development in subcortical regions like the amygdala at a time in which there is still a lack of development in the executive functioning/decision making process

Question 21

adolescenct teens have an increase in ___ and ____ sctivity

Answer 21

amygdala activation, as well as nucleus accumbens, so you have an increase in instant short term gratification, and less focus on long term achievement and goals

Question 22

another issue with adolescence level of emotional reward and sensitivity is:

Answer 22

erikson’s quote that you can instantly decrease the level in which an adolescent acts at just by placing them in a room with his/her peers (especially if younger)

Question 23

with amygdala and prefrontal cortex connectivity ______ is the process by which:

Answer 23

habituation is the process by which repeated exposure to a scary face, etc will lead to less functinoal connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala (at first you see it as a threat, then repeated exposure, it is no longer perceived as a threat)

Question 24

risk taking model of ______ includes ______, ______, ______

Answer 24

steinberg; change in ratio of prefrontal grey to white matter, increased connectivity between prefrontal and other regions,, increase in dopaminergic activity (incrased risky behavior with less than mature prefrontal cortex ability)

Question 25

10 yr old exhibits anxiety when not in the presence of his mother. As a result, he stopped attending school although he was on cognitively on target. His anxiety began after his mother experience a serious, life-threatening illness. The patient believes that if he is separated from her, something terrible might happen to her. He also complains of several somatic complaints that have been difficult to diagnose_______

how do you treat?

Answer 25

separationg anxiety

ssri, relaxation technique

Question 26

10 yr old with episodes of somatic complaints, anxiety, adn crying at school which resolves when he is sent home. He won’t go anywhere without his mother. Best plan of treatment?
place on home bound tutoring to be provided by the school disrict
prescribe lorazepam for anxiety episodes
place the patient on fluoxetine in low dose
immediately restrict access to the mother until anxiety smptoms cease
reassure the mother that the patient is going through a phase and that this will pass with little impact on youth’s subsequent life

Answer 26

C
ssri is first line
lorazepam (benzo) is habit forming and more likely to disinhibit the child.
Home tutoring will only reinforce the separatin anxiety
The disease is an indicator for future risk of depression illness

Question 27

children with separation anxiety are at a higher risk for developing which pediatric disorder?
malingering
somatization disorder
bipolar disorder
learning disability
major depression

Answer 27

major depression

Question 28

when starting an ssri in an adolescent patient with separation anxiety disorder, the FDA recommends the clinician monior closely for?
hpovolemia
hypertension
anorexia
suicidal thoughts
delusions

Answer 28

suicidal thoughts

Question 29

in controlled studies, which of the followiong medications is ineffective for use in childhood anxiety disorders
venlafaxine
SSRI
Buspirone
TCA
Bensodiazepines

Answer 29

benzodiazepines

Question 30

a 29 yr old present complaining of anxiety and depression. His social history reveals he is a janitor working 90 hours a week, and he reports stress arising from his marital relationship that is exacerbated by his occupational demands. You identify a central conflict in this patient of issues of intimacy versus self-absorption borrowing from the theoretical work of:
carl jung
karen horney
erik erikson
jean piaget
sigmund freud

Answer 30

erik erikson is perhaps bet known for his description of eight stages of human psychological experience spanning the life span, centered on stage-appropriate developmental conflicts:
basic trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 yr); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3) initiative versus guilt (3 to 5), industry versus inferiority (6 to 11), identity vs rold diffusion (11-to adulthood), intimacy vs isolation (21-40) generativity vs stagnation (40-65), and integrity vs despair (65-older)

Jean piaget is known for his work using observations of children and adolescents to build a framework describing cognitive stages of development beginning with the sensorimotor stage at birth and ending with the stage of formal operations

Question 31

56 yo with long history of paranoid schizophrenia has been taking chloropromazine regularly for 27 years. About 5 years ago, he developed writhing movements of his wrists and fingers that disappear when he goes to sleep.
Which anatomic structure in the brain is most likely implicated in the etiology of this movement disorder?
basal ganglia
cerebellum
frontal cortex
midbrain
motor cortex

Answer 31

the basal ganglia, implicated in the yoking of thought to motor action, and in controlling the initiation and quality of motor action, is theorized to be central to the pathophysiology of extrapyramidal syndromes, including dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia.

The cerebellum is important in controlling the coordination of motor movements and posture, as well as participating in procdural memory.

The frontal cortex is generally considered to be important in decision making, impulse control, short-term memory, and affect regulation. The midbrain contains nuclei that help to ensure the CNS homeostasis by regulating neurovegatative, autonomic, and arousal functions. The motor cortex servs as the last stage of cerebral processing of motor information before it descends into the spinal cord. An intact motor cortex is required for initiation of movement.