Chi-squared test

Question 1

what type of data is used for a chi-square test?

Answer 1

relationship between 2 categorical variables with no clear DV or IV

Question 2

what are the characteristics of a chi square test?

Answer 2

only uses categorical variables, measured as frequency scores, makes inferences about likelihood, numbers in each cell should be independent

Question 3

what is the symbol for the chi-squared test?

Answer 3

X²

Question 4

numbers in each cell should be independent. how is this done?

Answer 4

one observation/ppt can only be in one cell and categories should be mutually exclusive

Question 5

we look to compare the _____ values in the sample to the ______ values if there was no relationship between the variables

Answer 5

observed, expected

Question 6

how do we work out the expected values from the observed values?

Answer 6

the numbers we expect to find in the categories if the null hypothesis is true are the expected frequencies. we look at the total frequency and divide by the number of categories so each expected value will be the same in each category
(values are equally divided amongst cells)

Question 7

describe the method used to find X²

Answer 7

calculate the difference between observed and expected (O-E), ignore +/- signs, square all the numbers, divide these by a measure of variance (the expected frequency), then add all these numbers up to get X²

Question 8

what values are important to analyse in the SPSS of chi-square?

Answer 8

X², p value, DF, Cramer’s V

Question 9

the ______ the differences between the expected and observed values, the ______ the X² value will be

Answer 9

bigger, larger

Question 10

the _____ the X² value the ____ likely that you can reject your null hypothesis

Answer 10

larger, more

Question 11

identify the assumptions that need to be met in order to use a chi-square analysis

Answer 11

no more than 25% of the cells should have an expected value less than 5, no individual cell should have an expected value less than 1

Question 12

what is reported if the assumptions are met and not met?

Answer 12

if assumptions are met, report Pearson’s chi square results. If assumptions are not met, report Fisher’s exact test results (but only for 2x2 test)

Question 13

what is Cramer’s V?

Answer 13

measure of effect for the chi-square test

Question 14

interpretation of Cramer's V value:
trivial effect =
small effect =
medium effect =
large effect =

Answer 14

less than 0.1,
0.1-0.3,
0.3-0.5,
more than 0.5