Chest: Musculoskeletal Pathology Flashcards
Agenisis
Structure hasnt been developed or created
What is subcutanenous emphysema
ait trapped under the skin
What can a hiatus hernia lead to?
GORD
What is an abscess?
A cavity containing/ trapping dead materials. THrough liquidfication necrosis
How can a lung abscess commonly occur?
breathing in foreign microbes
e.g. aspirated anaesthetic , people who tend to have a low level of consciousness and people with tooth decay
Radiographic appearance of abscess
Circle with white surrounding … typically a flat fluid level within
What is the white lung?
it is a whiteout of the lung space.
definitive with a pneumoectomy
Possibly due to atelectasis pleural effusion empyema pneumonia
and unlikely due to
bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis
What are the radiographic signs of a pneumoectomy
Whiteout
Crowding of ribs (smaller IC space)
Removed ribs where lung has been removed
Mediastinal structures moving into empty space
Remaining lung will enlarge
Describe the process behind atelactasis
Blockage from food, cancer, mucous .. block the air ways and prevent oxygen from getting to alveoli.
However capillary beds around alveoli continually leach remaining air from alveoli… alveoli deflate… very painful.
What demographic is atelectatis common with
Kids due to aspirated FB
Radiographic appearance of atelectasis?
Tension created by shrunk alveoli pulls mediastinum over to that side (complete)
Partial: FB blocks at bronchiole or smaller, caused whiteout in that area.. tends to have well defined margins
What is a Pleural Effusion
Fluid build up in the pleural space
Radiographic appearance of a pleural effusion
A thick fluid will take longer to move and sticks… will appear as fluid on lungs
Thin fluid will take a while to sit so patient needs to be stood up for a while before doing a HV PA CXR
If fluid sat on diaphragm it may appear to be below on a PA but its actually sitting on the posterior aspect of diaphragm which sits lower than the anterior aspect.
LATERAL IS USEFUL
WHat is a pleural effusion sometimes referred to?
water on the lungs
Causes of pleural effusion?
Pneumonia , cancer
How can you differentiate a pleural effusion from an atelectasis ?
Pleural effusion will PUSH the mediastinum away from it.
atelectasis will PULL mediastinum towards it.
What is empyema?
Infected purelant layer which can sit in lung field.
Will be filled with puss and has a fuzzy border
What is Pneumonia?
Very common and can lead to death.
It is an infection in the lung leading to a inflammatory response …. bacteria and fluid build up in alveoli and gas exchange is diminished.
Common causes and demographic for pneumonia?
Viral
Bacterial
Fungal
ASPIRATION
elderly with poor movement, people with decreased level of consciousness, drug users, alcoholics, people prone to fainting.
Be wary that it can be viral.. distance, protect yourself.
Radiographic appearance of pneumonia?
Alveoli may be blocked but AIRWAYS ARE STILL OPEN…
will see air filled bronchi surrounding by lung whiteout due to windowing .. essentially a bronchiogram.
Whiteout typically has a patchy edge and the WHITER (opaque) the whiteout is the more it has spread anetropostero.
Can a bacterial and viral pneumonia occur at same time?
yes
-ectasis
Dilation or widening
What is bronchiectasis?
Mucousa in air ways (often due to lung infection)
irritation occurs and forced coughing is common.
forced cough leads to damaged airways .. healing and scarring occur but mucousa gets trapped in lining.
causing more forced coughing .. scarring causes dilation, loss of elasticity and widening of airways.
Very similar mechanism to cystic fibrosis.
RAdiographic appearance of bronchiectasis
numerous small tiny circles and super dilated airways
Radiographic appearance of bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis?
Very similar but CF is more aggressive and widespread.
