Abdo Genitourinary Flashcards
What does HSG stand for?
Hystersalpingogram
What is a HSG for?
to examine patency of fallopian tubes.
What CM is used for SG and what is the name of the spillage of CM into pelvic cavitiy
Iodinated
Extravasation
What is the alternate examination for HSG
HyCoSy
What is typical presentation for testicular US?
What has typically occurred?
Why is it a priority?
Pain, mass infection or TORSION
twisting of spermatic cord (vas deferences, pampiniform plexus, internal spermatic aa.)
Torsion has at best, a 6 hour window to resolve.
What does KUB stand for in abdominal imaging?
KUB abdo = Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder abdo.
What is another name for a nephrogram?
coned kidneys
why is a nephrogram used?
To reduce dose to reproductive organs
What does IVP stand for?
Intravenous Pyelogram
what is an IVP used for?
injection of iodine into ureters to asses filling defects in ureter.
No longer relevant as superseded by CT.
What is the alternative to IVP?
KUB CT
what does KUB CT examine?
kiidney stones renal colic (loin to groin pain) Assess renal function post transplant.
Explain the mitchurating cystogram
CM injected into bladder and patient is imaged whilst peeing.
will check for VUJ reflux (vesicoureteric junction)
typically use obliques to better visulaise the VUJ
Can assess retrograde flow through the CUJ and up the uretera.
If residual CM found after urination then can be indicative of UTI.
WHat is loin to groin pain an indication of?
kidney stones
WHat is urolithiasis?
kidney stones
other than general xray what can be used to assess urolithiasis?
low dose KUB CT
Name the common kidney abnormalities
hypoplastic kidney: Smaller than usual (hypoplaysia).
Dysplastic kidney: Unusual shape (dysplasia)
Horseshoe kidney: kidneys fail to sperate
Crossed renal ectopia: both kidneys on one side.
Ectopic: kidneys fail to ascend and sit in pelvic cavity.
what happens to the remaining kidney if one is removed?
hypertrophy
How can we assess if a bladder stone is trapped?
Typically in VUJ.
do a supine and prone series.
what is cholelithiasis?
Gallstones
Which size gallstones are the worst?
medium as they are small enough to leave GB but big enough to cause a bloackage,
What does ERCP stand for?
Endoscopic Retrograde cholangiopancreatography
what is investigated and process of an ERCP?
Patient is sedated/ twilight sedated and patient is placed into a RPO (right side raised 15 deg)
endoscope is pushed through to duod at the ampulla of vater - sphincter of oddi
catherter pushed into CBD and CM injected to fill ducts and GB..
WHy is patient in a RPO in a ERCP?
to project HB off the spine.
What is a cholelithiais and a choloeodocolithasis?
Cholelithiasis = GB stones
-docolithasis = GB stones in CBD
Where to postion II for ERCP?
so top of II curve is at diaprgam.
OTher than gallstones , what other pathology is common during this exam?
Carcinoma at head of pancreas which causes decrease functioning of duod and HB system.
What is a sphincterotomy and what patient safety needs to occur?
Tension wire is heated up and used the cauterise the sphincter and make it larger to allow for easier stone retrieval .
Patient needs to be electrically grounded from the current.
What is the balloon dilation retrieval for?
small stones / sludge
Why may a stent be used in ERCP due to a carcinoma?
carcinoma of head of pancreases causes compression of CBD, stent can help keep CBD open.
Why may a metal stent be used when vasculature is compressed?
so it can be compressed itself , this will cause the stent to bulge out and push the compressing structures away
What is a laproscopic cholecystectomy?
keyhole surgery to remove GB
Why can GB stones cause jaundice?
due to inability to remove bile
what is cholestasis?
Gallstone blocking movement into duod.
what can cholestasis cause?
retrograde of bile causing cholecystitis.
