Chest Flashcards
When you observe a supine AP chest radiograph, the ________ are projected higher and the _______ fields appear shorter
clavicles, lung
What is standard SID for chest Xrays?
72 inches
At 72” SID for a chest Xray, what is decreased in magnification?
heart
At 72” SID for a chest Xray, what is increased in magnification?
lung structures
Using an SID of 72 inches for chest radiographs _______magnification of the heart and creates ____ ______ of the delicate lung structures.
decreases, sharper outlines
For a PA projection of the chest, the back of the hands should be placed ?
on the hips.
The space between the two pleural walls is called the ?
pleural cavity.
The esophagus lies behind the _____.
trachea
The AP oblique projection-RPO position of the chest corresponds to, and essentially produces the same image as the PA oblique projection, LAO.
True or False?
True
The AP oblique projection- LPO position of the chest corresponds to, and essentially produces the same image as the PA oblique projection, RAO.
True or False?
True
After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. There are ____ primary branches on the left and ____ primary branches on the right.
2, 3
The top of the cassette should be positioned _____ - _____ inches above the vertebral prominens for a PA oblique projection of the lungs.
1 1/2 - 2
A patient in the _____ position with a _____beam is required to produce a radiograph using a ______ position.
recumbent
horizontal
decubitus
The _______ plane must be accurately parallel with the cassette to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during a _____ chest radiograph.
midsagittal
lateral
The ______ method is used to demonstrate the pulmonary apices.
Lindblom
The cassette should be positioned 1 ½-2 inches above the shoulders for any _____ position of the chest.
decubitus
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique, LAO position of the chest during a cardiac series is
55-60o.
When the patient is properly positioned for a PA oblique of the chest, the CR will enter the body midway between the _____surface of the elevated side and the _____.
lateral
spine
_____and _______ are exchanged by diffusion within the alveoli.
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
The entire lung field, patient’s arms not visible in the image and identification to indicate which _____ was performed are all required and must be clearly demonstrated on x-ray projections done using a _____ position.
decubitus
decubitus
The top of the cassette should be positioned 1/12-2 inches above the ____ ____ for a supine AP chest radiograph.
relaxed shoulders
The name of the hook-like process on the last tracheal cartilage is the .
carina
For oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally the side ____to the cassette.
closest
The patient must be ____for a lateral projection done in the dorsal decubitus position.
supine
The left lateral chest position is most commonly used for lateral radiographs of the chest because it places the patient’s ____closer to the cassette.
heart
Both lungs in their entirety and the trachea filled with air must be clearly demonstrated on an __ / ___ ____ projection of the lungs.
AP or PA oblique
The area between the two lungs is termed the .
mediastinum
Each lung is divided into specific segments called .
lobes
The ____ angle is part of the lung.
costophrenic
The respiration phase for AP or lateral projections performed in the _____ position is full inspiration.
decubitus
If the patient cannot be placed in the lordotic position for radiography of the pulmonary apices, the CR angle that can be used to project the clavicles above the apices is ___ - ____* _____.
15-20o cephalad
____ ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph.
Ten
The name of the double-walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung is the .
pleura
The name of the tongue-shaped process on the anterior-medial border of the left lung is the .
lingual
If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate fluid in the pleural cavity, then the patient must lie on the ____ side.
affected
The smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree is the ____ bronchial.
terminal
The affected side of the patient’s chest is placed against the vertical cassette for a ventral or dorsal _____ lateral projection.
decubitus
The recommended SID for a PA chest radiograph is ____ inches.
72
The trachea lies ____ to the esophagus.
anterior
An AP, full inspiration and an AP, full expiration are usually taken on a patient who is suspected of having a small amount of free air in the _____ cavity.
pleural
The respiratory system proper consists of the ___, ____ , _____, & _______
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and both lungs.
If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate free air in the pleural cavity, then the patient should lie on the ____ side.
unaffected
The CR is not angled for the Lindblom method (lordotic position) of demonstrating the pulmonary apices.
True or False
True
The patient should remain in position for ___ minutes before making the exposure when performing a projection in the lateral or dorsal decubitus position.
5
The respiration phase for the AP axial projection of the pulmonary apices is .
inspiration
The CR should be angled for an AP or PA oblique projection of the chest. The CR should not be perpendicular.
True or False?
False
The CR shouldn’t be angled, the CR SHOULD be perpendicular
The most optimal position of the patient for examination s of the heart and lungs is upright
True or false?
True
The patient should stand ___ foot in front of the grid device before leaning backward for the lordotic position.
one
The presence of gas or air in the pleural cavity is termed .
pneumothorax
For PA oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally the side ____ from the cassette.
farthest
The optimal respiration phase for a PA or lateral chest radiograph is full ____-second breath.
inspiration
The lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called the .
parenchyma
The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is termed the .
apex
High ____ is required to penetrate all of the thoracic anatomy.
kVp
what is the Body Habitus?
shape of your insides
the diaphragm ___ when the lung expands
drops
the walls of the thorax does not bind the thoracic cavity.
true or false
false, it does bind it
what organ is in both the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
esophagus
what 3 chambers are in thoracic cavity
pericardial cavity
right pleural cavity
left pleural cavity
what are the cavities in the thoracic cavity lined with?
shiny, slippery and delicate serous membrane
what is mediastinum
space between 2 pleural cavities
the mediastinum contains all the thoracic structures except the ___ and the ____
lungs, pleurae
what structures make up respiratory system?
pharynx
trachea
bronchi
2 lungs
the air passages of the respiratory system communicate with the exterior through the ____, ____, and _____
pharynx, mouth, nose
a fibrous muscular tube with 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings embedded in it walls; mostly soft tissue
trachea
the trachea lies in the _____ line of the body
midline
the trachea is ___ to the esophagus in the neck
anterior
the trachea extends from the larynx / C-__ through the mediastinum to about the T__/T__ vertebrae
C-6
T4/T5
the last tracheal cartilage is elongated and has a hooklike process called the
carina
at the carina the trachea divides into
the primary bronchi
the right primary bronchus is ____ and ____ and more vertical then the left primary bronchus
shorter and wider
because of the size and position of the right primary bronchus, foreign bodies that enter the traceha are most likely to go to the ____ bronchus
right
after entering the lungs the bronchus dives into branches that enter each of the different lobes.
these are called?
secondary bronchi
the secondary bronchi dives into _____ bronchie
tertiary
tertiary bronchi divides into smaller _____ and end in minuste tubes called _____ ______
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
the terminal bronchioles communicate with ___ ____
aveolar ducts
aveolar ducts end in several ____ ____
aveolar sacs
the walls of the aveolor sacs are lined with ____
aveoli for gas exchange
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs within the walls of the
aveoli
the lungs are composed of light, spongy, highly elastic substance called
parenchyma
the structure of the lungs:
______
_______
apex
base
the apex of the lungs is where?
above the clavicles
the base of the lungs is where?
rests on diaphragm; lower in the back an sides than the front
during respiration, the lungs move ____ on inspiration
inferiorly
during respiration the lungs move ____ for experiation
superiorly
during inspiration the lateral margins of the lungs descend into the deep recesses of the parietal pleuara. in radiology this is called
costophrenic angle
the mediastinal surface is convace with a depression called
hilum
what accomodates the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves?
hilum
the inferior medistinal surface of the left lung contains a concavity called ____ ____ that conforms to the shape of the heart
cardiac notch
each lung is enclosed in a double-walled serious membrane sac called
pleura
pleura consist of:
______
______
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
what is visceral pleura
inner layer of the pleural sac that closely adheres to the surface of the lung
what is the parietal pleura
outer layer of the pleural sac that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
the 2 pleurae are moistened by
serous fluid so they move easil on each other
the space between teh visceral and parieta pleura
pleural cavity
lungs are divided into lobes by
deep fissures
the ____ fissure divide the lung into superior and inferior lobes
oblique
the right superior lobe is divided again by the ___ fissure creating the middle lobe
horizontal
on the left lung at the level of the right middle lobe is an area called the
lingula
tongue-shaped process on the anteromedial border of the left lung that fills the space between the chest wall and the heart
lingula
area of the thorax bounded by the sternum anteriorly, the spine posteriorly, and the lungs laterally
mediastinum
are the lungs part of the mediastinum?
no
what organs are part of the mediastinum/
heart great vessels trachea esophagus thymus lymphatics nerves fibrous tissue fat
- -part of the digestive canal that connects the pharynx to the stomach
- -about 9” long
- -lies in front of the vertebral column and behind the trachea
- -descends through the diaphragm
- -with barium in it, it outlines the posterior heart and aorta
esophagus
- -primary control organ of the lymphatic gland
- -produces thymosin
- -located from the thyroid to superior mediastinum, anterior to the trachea, posterior to manubrium
- -it’s at its max size at purberty and then it atrophies
thymus
what is the manubrium
shield on sternum
Positioning considerations:
upright:
diaphragm lower
air-fluid levels
10 posterior ribs
Positioning considerations:
recumbent (lying down):
engorgement of vessels
compresses thoracic viscera
cannot fully expand lungs
Positions: PA
___ is closer to the IR
heart
Positions: Left Lateral:
____is closer to the IR
heart
You have ____ magnification in what 2 positions at SID of 72”
less
True or false
a slight amount of rotation from the PA or lateral projections causes a considerable distortion of the heart shadow
TRUE
PA Criteria:
- -patient to stand or sit upright
- -position patient’s head upright,, facing directly forward
- -have patient wrap arms around bucky or hands on hip
- -relax shoulders and roll shoulders forward toward the bucky
Lateral Criteria:
- -place side of interest (almost always left) against IR
- -have patient equally distribute weight
- -do not lean into or away from bucky
- -raise patient’s arms to prevent tissue of teh arms from being on it
- -look straight ahead and lift chin
- -to determine rotation, examine th posterior aspects of the ribs - radiograph should show superimposed posterior
Oblique Criteria:
- -patient rotates the hips with the thorax
- -points feet directly forward
- -turns whole body not hips
You want deep expiration when obtaining chest xrays
False, you want deep inspiration - it shows more air
Why do you ask them to hold their breath on 2nd deep inspiration?
more air is inhaled during a second breath than the first breath
gas or air in pleural cavity
pneumothorax
When a pneumothorax is suspected ____ and _____ films may be obtained
inspiration and expiration
Inspiration/Expiration is also used for _____, _________, & ________
diaphragm movement, foreign bodies, & atelectasis
The PA projection of the chest is the most common projection and is used in all ____ and ______ exams
heart and lung
Are right/left obliques used as supplements to the PA chest or is it the main source?
supplements
What lateral is the most common projection?
Left Lateral
Adequate ___ must be used to penetrate the mediastinum and demonstrate a shadow of the spine
kVp
At 72” SID, what is the general kVp used?
110-120
mAs =
quantity (dialing up quantity of electrons)
kVp =
quality - penetrability
