7-10 chapters Flashcards
Who is the key individual in health care setting?
Patient
What is radtech responsibility?
- interact with patient
- establish and maintain an atmosphere of caring/empathy for the patient
- treat patient as a guest
The basic curriculum is outlined nationally by the:
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)
It is mandated in the state of MS by the:
Research and Curriculum Unit (RCU) at MS State
Clinical Competency Eval:
standard used for evulation of the student’s work performance within clinical setting
What 3 things are evulated in clinical setting?
- cognitive
- affective
- psychomotor
What is Cognitive learning?
intellectual process by which knowledge is gained through various methods
“books”
What is Affective learning?
relating to a person’s feelings/emotions
“how to act”
What is Psychomotor learning?
muscular action or practical execution of previously learned material
“hands-on application”
In clinicals, student participates in?
- observing (passive participation)
- minimal assistance
- competent (independent clinical performance)
What is passive participation?
It’s the “observing” stage
1st step before learning procedures
what is minimal assistance?
it’s performing tasks under direct supervision of an RT
what is the independent clinical performance stage?
It’s the last stage, also called “competent” and it’s the indirect supervision by an RT after the student demonstrates competence, defined by the JRTC
Each person registered by the ARRT must obtain ___ continuing education credits or pass an exam on an additional discipline every 2 years
24
What is Bi-enium?
24 continuing education credits
what kind of info is necessary to legally identify a radiographic film?
right or left marker, date, id number
what other info my be required or useful for the film?
time of day
where can you obtain specific and accurate info about the content of the curriculum used in approved programs in radiologic technology?
American Society of Radiologic Tech
understanding the process of radiographic image production and the specific equipment used in the processes is generally taught in which section of the curriculum?
imaging equipment
to help student radiological technologists understand how to work with sick and injured patients of all ages and sizes, regardless of ethnic or cultural background, the student will study info presented in the following course work:
methods of patient care
pathology is the study of
abnormal structure and/or function of the various anatomic structures of the body
written and spoken language of medicine is taught in the following:
medical terminology
which of the following areas of study is included in “quality assurance”
quality assurance procedures and regulations
the three most important specific aspects in evaluating a student’s clinical performance are:
cognitive, affective, and psychomotor levels
passive participation occurs when the student is
taking notes about the performance and execution of the work as it is done by the practicing radiologic tech
interaction with the patient and with coworkers includes
listening, understanding and responding appropriately to information exchanges with the patient and with coworkers
classroom lectures and demonstrations of theories and facts relating to a specific boy of knowledge can usually be considered
cognitive learning
most medical terms have their origin in what languages?
Greek/Latin
CXR R/O COPD, HX MI is an example of the use of:
medical abbreviations that the rt must know
RT(R) stands for:
registered technologist in radiography
a procedure that has been ordered STAT should be performed:
immediately
a cassette containing an imaging plate would be used in which of the following?
CR
an organization to which radiologic techs may belong is which of the following?
ASRT
a CXR would be likely be performed for which of the following?
URI
b/c some imaging modalities do not use film, what term is preferred when referring to the destination of the image?
Image receptor
electricity moves through the xray tube as a function of:
kVp and mAs
the visual radiographic image is comprised of which of the following?
density and contrast
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
BE
barium enema
BID
twice daily
BP
blood pressure
C
with
CA
cancer
CAD
coronary atery disease
CBC
complete blood count
cc
cubic centimeter
CHF
congestive heart failure
CNS
central nervous system
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CS
central supply
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography (cat scan)
CVA
cerebrovascular accidient (stroke)
CXR
chest xray
DX
diagnosis
ECG, EKG
elecgrocardogram
HH
hiatel hernia
H/O
history of
HX
history
I/O
intake and output
IM
intramuscular
KUB
kidneys, ureter, bladder
lat
lateral
LMP
last menst. period
met
metastases
MI
mycardial infarction (heart attack)
MRI, MR
magnetic resonance imaging
noc
night
npo
nothing per orum (nothing by mouth)
OP
outpatient
OTC
over the counter
p/o
postoperative
post-OP
after surgery
prn
as needed
QID
4x daily
R/O
rule out
ROM
range of motion
RX
treatment or prescription
S
without
SOB
shortness of breath
S/P
status post
Sx
symptoms
TID
3x daily
TKO
to keep open (IV line)
TPR
temp, pulse and respiration
Tx
treatment
UA
urinalsysis
y/o
years old
FUO
fever of unknown origin
ACERT
Assoc. of Collegiate Educators in RT
ACR
American College of Radiology
AHA
American Hosp. Assoc.
Primary items needed for the production of xrays:
- source of electrons
- means to accelerate the electrons
- way to bring the electrons to a sudden stop
xray tube
an evacuate glass bulb with + (anode) and - (cathode) electrodes
Anode
electrode toward which - charged ions migrate
cathode
filament that gives off electrons when heated (burns it off)
what is the primary by-product of the energy conversion int he xray tube?
heat, 99%
what % of xrays is produced/
1
xrays leave o r exit the tube housing through a device consisting of open lead shutters called
collimator
images generated by a computer where a numerical value is assigned to a color or shade of gray
digital imaging
what is density/
blackness of image
what is contrast
the shades of gray
a sheet of plastic embedded with phosphors
intensifying screen
approx ___% o f the image on the film is made by light from teh intensifying screens, only ___% of the image is made directly by the xrays
95, 5
sheet of polyester plastic, coated with a thin layer of gelatin and silver compounds
xray film
procedure using xrays to image inner parts of the body in movement and motion
fluoroscopy
device that electronically improves and enhances radiographyic images and transmits them to a tv monitor
Image intensifier, II
units provide cross-sectional views of the body
CT, cat scan
units allow cross-sectional views of the body to be made w/o the use of ionizing radiation; they use magnetic fields and radiowave transmission
MRI
introduces radioactive materials into the body to produce images of major organs
NM nuclear medicine
uses a combo of CT and NM to image the physiology or function of an organ or system in the body
PET positition emission tomography
units operate from conventional electrical circuits or battery power
mobile readiography, portable
can also be utilized to do exams outside radiology dep’t
Carm, mobie fluoroscopy
technique used to obtain radiographs of a section or slice of a body part, does not use a computer and in essence blurs the material above and below the area of interest
tomography
uses high frequency sound waves to obtain sectional images of the body
sonography/ultrasound
brings digital imaging together with hospital and radiology info systems allowign for total management of patient’s case
PACS, picture archiving and communication systems
what does not use radiation/
ultrasound and MRI
what are two main parts of xray tube?
anode and cathode
conversion of the energey that produces xrays is a result of the ____ striking the ____
electrons, anode
most of image produced on radiographic film comes from
light from intensifying screens
substances that emit visible light when struck by radiation are
phosphors
radioactive materials are used in which of th eofllowing imaging modalities
nuclear medicine
imaging equipment that allows for manipulation fo the image after exposure is:
ASK on this! It’s Image Intensifier OR Digitial Imaging
2 important components of Radiographic exams
- patient prep
2. contrast media
removing patient’s clothing/jewelry before
External prep
most common mistake
failure to remove necklace before doing chest exam
using enemas to cleanse the abdomen to internal structures can be viewed
internal prep
solutions or gases introduced into the body to provide contrast
contrast media
3 general types of contrast media
- iodine based, high atomic #
- barium based
- air
which contrasts doesn’t allow xrays to pass through
iodine
Can barium be absorbed by the body?
No, it is inert
which media is easily penetrated by xrays?
air
What is something that is not supposed to be on an image?
artifact
What exam xrays the skull and headwork?
Overhead
What exam xrays the thoracic cavity?
chest
What exam xrays the extremities?
Limbs
- performed on region above neck
- requires mutiple views, some are difficult
- to evaluate possible fractures, foreign bodies or abnormalties
- increasingly done by CT and panoramic tomogrpahy instead of xray
Overhead/Skull and Headwork
- includes bones and tissues of chest region
- most commonly radiographed region
- performed to evaluate fluid in the lungs, collapsed lungs, tumors, heart, issues
Chest/thoracic cavity
- generally divided into the upper/lower extremeties, including shoulders and pelvic regions
- requires at least 2 views taken at right angles
- to evaluate fractures, dislocations, arthritis, osteoporosis, and tumors
Limbs/Extremeties
- studies of the spinal column
- scoliosis eval and bone age determination
- spinal injury patients to be handled carefully
- performed for trauma, arthritis, abnormal curvatures, muscles spasms, slipped vertebrae
Spine
- many patients are quite ill and in pain
- used to determine the presence of foreign masses, calcification, distribution of air in intestines, etc
Abdomen
radiographic studies of the urinary system that includes the use of iodinated contrast; also called IVP
Excretory urography
What exams require a radiologist or radiologist assistant to perform and monitor the exam?
fluoroscopic exams
Fluoroscopic exams include:
Esophagram
UGI
Small Bowel Follow Through
Barium enema
Can fluroscopic exams also be done with air?
yes
study of urinary bladder where the bladder is filled with contrast media
cystogram
similiar to cystogram but the patient voids while being radiographed
Voiding Cystourethrogram
contrast media is injected into the common bile duct to diagnose abormalities of the biliary system or pancreas
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Arteriogram/Angiogram
visualizes arteries of particular part of the body
- iodine based
- rapid sequencing
- allows for viewing of blood flow
- evulates structures in/around a joint space
- knees/shoulder most common areas
- normally double contrast
arthrogram
-evulates structure of fallopian tubes/uterus
HSG
hysterosalpingogram
- use of sonic shockwaves to break up or destroy stones in kidney/uerter
- normally runs fluoro for physician
Lithotripsy
- exam of the subarachnoid space of spinal cord
- done with CT
Myelogram
-radiography study of salivary glands
Sialogram
-study of veins in particular area of body, like legs
Venogram
Which contrast agent is used in chest xray/
air
portions of circulatory system may be imaged during a procedure called
arteriogram
The IVP images the:
urinary system
arthrograms are performed to visualize which areas?
joints
